Grammar questions in News' Editorial.?

Question 1: The vessels and the planes (they carry) are central to the creation of a blue-water navy, (which is) able to operate for beyond Chinese territorial waters.

A relative clause gives additional information, also called adjective clause. Putting comma before 'which' means this is a non-restrictive relative clause which functions as supplementary.

Question 2: The new carrier will be home-built, but a lack in expertise in designing and constructing large-scale military vessels means it will be smaller and less technologically advanced than the 10 (carriers which are currently active) in the U.S Navy, which has by far the world’s biggest fleet

Restrictive relative clause; that is, a relative clause without comma.

Question 3: Beijing laid out its case for a global role for military in first white paper on defence strategy, (which was) released last May.

Non-restrictive relative clause. "Released" is a p.p., functioning as an adjective.
(*p.p. past participle)

* For more detailed explanations of relative clause, please check grammar book or web.
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/clause-phrase-and-sentence/verb-patterns/relative-clauses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative_clauses#Restrictive_or_non-restrictive_relative_clauses

** Usually, when trying to pack a lot of information in a sentence, it's common to omit repetitive words if the meaning is still clear as seen in Question 2.


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