美國10年passport 是等於綠咭(永久身份嗎)?

The answer is no.

A passport is more powerful than the Permanent Resident Card (Green Card).

At the minimum (just the document, not the status), the holder of a U.S. Passport is not subject to immigration control (i.e. absolute right of entering/exiting the U.S.). However, the holder of a Green Card is subject to immigration control (i.e. entering/exiting the U.S. is restricted by the immigration law).

Also - A passport is always a travel document. A Green card is not a travel document in most circumstances.