幫解英文易誤用語法、文法與迷思?

1.「連綴動詞」和「感官動詞」的差別?
可以直接接受「受詞」的動詞稱為「及物動詞」，不直接接受詞的動詞稱為「不及物動詞」；不需要「補語」的動詞稱為「完全動詞」（因為意思已經完全，不需要補足），需要補語的動詞稱為「不完全動詞」。這四個條件合成了下列四種變化：

(1) 完全不及物動詞：It doesn't matter. 主詞＋動詞

(2) 不完全不及物動詞：This flower smells sweet. 主詞＋動詞＋主格補語
The milk tastes sour.
The music sounds sweet.
He looks happy.
I am an English teacher.
She feels happy.
「不完全不及物動詞」又稱「聯繫動詞」或「連綴動詞」（linking verbs）

(3) 完全及物動詞：(3-1) I have a bicycle. 主詞＋動詞＋受詞
(3-2) He gave John a book. 主詞＋動詞＋間接受詞＋直接受詞（授與動詞dative verb）
＝He gave a book to John. 主詞＋動詞＋直接受詞＋介系詞to/for＋間接受詞
He bought a book for John.

(4) 不完全及物動詞：主詞＋動詞＋受詞＋受格補語
We shall have the house repaired.（過去分詞當受格補語）
I heard my name called.
I saw the man crossing the street.（現在分詞當作受格補語）
I saw him cross the street.（bare infinitive 當作受格補語）會發生這種情況的see/feel/hear等稱為「感官動詞」，因為其它不完全及物動詞在使用不定詞當受格補語時，不定詞需加上to。
They made him do it.（bare infinitive 當作受格補語）會發生這種情況的make/have/let等，稱為「使役動詞」，因為其它的不完全及物動詞使用不定詞當受格補語時，不定詞需加上to
They elected Washington President.（名詞當受詞補語）

所以see/hear/feel等動詞在當作「不完全不及物動詞」或「完全及物動詞」用時，我們不稱之為「感官動詞」（雖然在意義上，它們屬於感官）。只有在它們當作「不完全及物動詞」，使用不定詞當受格補語時，必須用bare infinitive（無to的不定詞又稱原式）。為區分它們和其它動詞的不同（用有to的不定詞），我們才特別稱其為「感官動詞」。「使役動詞」也是因為類似的原因而命名的。

2. 為何大部分都是用shall的過去式should而不是用shall?
Ex: What should we do?

助動詞should是shall的過去式，在「直述語氣」（indicative mood）裡，should用在過去的時態，shall只用在未來的時態；但在「假設語氣」（subjunctive mood）裡，只用過去式的should來幫助「主動詞」（main verb）不同的時態。

I shall be sixteen years old next year.（直說語氣的未來時態）
You shall have it tomorrow.
I think that we shall be late.
I thought that we should be late.（直說語氣的過去時態）
We shall have lived here for five years by the end of this year.（直說語氣的未來完成時態）

I should come if I had time.（假設語氣：現在不可能；should+原式）
If I had had enough money, I should have bought it.（假設語氣：過去不可能有此結果；should＋完成式）
If I should lose you, the stars would fall from the sky.（假設語氣：條件虛假，未來不大可能成真；should +原式）

What shall we do?=我們等下要做什麼？（問意願，未來式）
但以下的should則是用來表示「可能性」或「推測」等的助動詞，不在表示「過去時態」或「假設語氣」：
What should we do?＝我們等下該做什麼？（問責任或義務）
What should we do! =我們怎麼辦？（驚訝無助）
We should arrive at the airport in half an hour unless the traffic becomes worse.（推測）
Why should I go to the police station?（反問）
On getting back to the hut, who should I meet but the captain himself.（驚訝）

must有「絕對是這樣」的意思，should則是「應該是這樣」，may為「說不定是這樣」，must可用於不會有錯的情況，should可用於也有可能不是這樣的時候，may則用於不知是哪一個時。

3. 甚麼情況只能用that而不能用who/which?

(1) 先行詞為事物，且伴隨著the first, the second, the last, the very, the 最高級, the same, the only等表示特定事物的修飾語時，大多用that: This is the only suit "that" I have.

(2) 先行詞伴隨著all, every, any, no等表示「全部」或「完全沒有」的修飾語時，大多用that: Running the marathon took all the strength that she had.

(3) 先行詞為《人＋事物》時，大多用that: He talked about people and the things that had fascinated him during his trip.

(4) 疑問詞who正後面接關係代名詞子句時，用that: Who that has seen the Pyramids can forget their beauty.

(5) 先行詞表現人的特質或狀態，而關係代名詞作為be動詞補語時，用that: He is not the man that he was ten years ago.這裡的the man所指的是十年前的那種特質和人品，而不是那個人。
參考資料：《朗文新英文文法全集》pp.281~282

4. 甚麼時候子句的that不能省略?

你應該問什麼時候可以省略，因為只有一個狀況可以省略：that為受格的關係代名詞。
(1) that當形容詞：That bicycle belongs to me.
(2) that當代名詞：That is my bicycle.
(3) that當關係代名詞：This is the best book that I have ever read.（受格的關係代名詞可省略）
He is the greatest inventor that ever lived.（主格不能省）
(4) that當從屬連接詞：That the earth is round is certain.
(5) that當相關從屬連接詞：He is so honest that everybody trusts him. (so ... that)
We study hard that we may succeed. (that與so that, in order that用法類似）
She is such a diligent girl that every teacher likes her. (so ... that)

5. Can you speak English?和Do you speak English?的差別

(1) 通常問的人不知道你會不會說英語時，他可能問你說：Can you speak English?或Do you speak English?語氣較平和。
(2) 問的人知道你會說英語時，通常他就只會問你說：Can you speak English? 但語氣不佳時，有反諷之意，兩句都可能使用：你不是會英語嗎，怎麼不說呢？因為講話的語調和所處的情境會改變這兩句的句意的。

這樣子問問題 是很沒有效率的.這21隻的每個問題的回應都是落落長.21個答案加起來都可以寫書了.
很是分開問吧!分成21個問題吧!

Very inefficient way to learn English well;would not produce a desired or satisfactory result.(1)Linking v a verb such as be Or become that connects a subject with the adjective or noun, the complement, that describes it. eg:-She becomes angry; the verb "become" is a linking verb.Transitive=taking a direct object:-eg:-He reads a book.--Intransitive=used w/o a D.O.:-eg:-His body smells.eg:-We have the house repaired(=pp as complement to the House.)The non-conclusive v=agree, belong to, consists of, forgive, hate, know, prefer, seem,make, have let need bare infinitive "to"etc.---verbs of perception:-eg:---notice,observe, recognise, see, perceive, watch;---touch, see feel, hear,---smell, make, let, bid--smell:-eg:-Being one of the five senses,taste and smell are closely connected by his body !
(2)should=weak form v.past tense from shall;
(3)that=/=who/which;that introduces a clause--She said that she would come.--that is used in non-defining clauses,eg:-My father, who has been to mainland China recently, hopes to see you.--which, interr.pron, is used as the subject of the v. in the clause:-eg:-You take the book which is lying on that table.eg:-The house which is for sale now is costing high! eg:-The river which flows through China is called the "Yellow River."
(4)"that" as antecedent to a rel.pron.eg:-All those (that) you saw were a xxxx.
(5)strong form:-can you speak?
----Do you speak?=with main v=speak; do=auxiliary verb=adj helping;supporting.an auxiliary verb eg "is" in He is working; "has" in He has gone.
(6)can=strong form.eg:-Can you read?
---do=declarative, interrog. or imper.eg:-I tell you I do like her,That's exactly what he did say. Do stop that noise!
(7)S V O.
(8)(1)
(9)the=defi.art.=eg:-The best plan is in singular no.please close the door. Shall we have a talk by the bed ?Isn't the wind strong?
(10)Linking verbs=are using=be=sea;salt=How do sea and salt link up as linking verb?=be=act or result of linking=verb to be=be.
(11)(2)
(12)rel. pron as sub of the v. in clause= to the verb "enjoy"
(13)bring forward
(14)don't want, do want=emphatic form
(15)Ving=participle as verbal adj. qualifying noun "brother".the present participle=reviewing=a participle adjective=adj. of a participle="participial"
(16)at badminton
(17)omission of "children"
(18)objective case
(19)had better=modal v. which has only one form. eg:-He can speak. She will try and study.The modal verbs are :-eg:-can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would,:- Also dare, need, have to, used to.eg:-You must find a job. You ought to stop drinking. He used to smoke but gave up .
(20)younger brother.
(21)could hear (=root verb)