兩題化學長答題不懂?

1.
(i)
Refer to the diagrams below.

(ii) There is a general trend of increasing first ionization enthalpy across a period. However, N (1s² 2s³ 2p³) has a higher first ionization enthalpy than O (1s² 2s² 2p⁴), because
• 2p subshell of N atom is half-filled and exhibits extra stability, and thus more energy is needed to remove one electron from it.
• removing an electron from O atom will lead to a half-filled 2p subshell which exhibits extra stability, and thus less energy is needed to remove one electron from O atom.


2.
(i)
Amphoteric oxide means that the oxide can neutralize both strong acids and strong alkalis.
Lead(II) oxide neutralizes strong acids :
PbO(s) + 2H⁺(aq) → Pb²⁺(aq) + H₂O(l)
Lead(II) oxide neutralizes strong alkali :
PbO(s) + H₂O(l) + 2OH⁻(aq) → [Pb(OH)₄]²⁻(aq)

(ii)
No equation is given.
A redox reaction involves the change in oxidation number, while an acid-base reaction involves the transfer of protons (hydrogen ions).