名詞 形容詞

(1) The verb 'need':

Some examples for its common use:
- He needs your help. (need sth.)
- I need to help you in finding a job. (need to do sth.)
- I need you to help me with the cooking. (need sb. to do sth.)

(2) Verb tense - 'lie':
- simple present: to tell habitual (or repeated) actions as one of the uses
e.g. You always lie to me.
- present continuous: to tell actions in progress at time of speaking
e.g. You are lying to me.

(3) Adverb 'especially':
It is a kind of Focusing Adverbs which point to a part of a clause, often giving an emphasizing effect.
'especially' modifies 'I like fast food' to highlight 'fried chicken' as the type of 'fast food' that I like more (if not the most) than the other types.

(4) He is fully aware of the risks incident to the life of a racing driver.
The word 'incident' is an adjective here (credit given to EICA for his/her finding).
It means 'naturally appertaining' and often forms a set-phrase with 'to'.

'incident to the life of a racing driver' is an adjectival phrase which in fact is a reduction of a relative clause that modifies the noun 'risks', with the relative pronoun 'that' and verb 'are' removed.

He is fully aware of the risks (that are) incident to the life of a racing driver.

The followings are some of the sentences which contain either noun or adjective and that'll be difficult for me to understand their grammatical and idiomatic usages;
(1)he need your help: correction: He needs your help.
I need you helping: There is a grammatical error in "helping" which acts as the present participle or participial adjective. Also "you" is a pronoun and not adjective.
I need your helping: There is a grammatical error in "helping" which acts as the present participle or participial adjective. So, it should be written as "I need your help."
(2)you lie to me: It is correct.
you are lying to me: It is idiomatically written as "You are lying"
(3)I like fast food, especially fried chicken: According to the grammar, "especially fried chicken" is an adverbial phrase to modify "like".
(4)He is fully aware of the risks incident to the life of a racing driver: In case of this sentence, there are two idiomatic phrases, namely " is fully aware of" and "incident to", while the latter "incident " is used as adjective.