grammer(sentence pattern) 2題咋!

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The pattern is absolute constructions,the infinitive can be used in "absolute"constructions such as your eg:-
Walking up and down all day, (he) hurt the knees.
(1)sentence pattern is absolute constructions
(2) other eg:-Walking up and down the Ladder St.(he)hurt the knees.
----eg:-Telling you the truth,(he)doesn't know what the knees are.
----eg:-Hearing him talk,(you)would think he is her BF.
----eg:-Cutting a long Pedder Street Central short, (he) carried his GF.
----eg:-Having been advertising,(he) used a pain-killer plaster.
----eg:-Walking up and down all day,(he) was plastering his knees on TVB.

Walking up and down all day, badly hurt the knees. ~ wrong

The subject is missing in the above sentence.

Walking up and down all day, he badly hurt his knees. ~ right
(= As he walked up and down all day, he badly hurt his knees.)

The subject (主語) of the sentence is “he”.
he badly hurt his knees ~ main clause
Walking up and down all day ~ participle phrase (Some grammar textbooks call it “participle clause”)
“Walking” is a present participle 現在分詞. (verb + -ing), an active participle
The present participle can have an object or complement and it can have one or more adverbials.
In the above sentence, the participle phrase operates like an adverbial clause of reason.

A participle phrase at the beginning of a sentence cannot refer to the object of the main clause.
We usually use-ing participle phrase when two actions happen at the same time, or one happens immediately after the other. The –ing participle phrase usually describes the background or earlier action.

(1) Sentence pattern:
Participle phrase, + main clause
The subject is omitted in the participle phrase
The subject of the main clause can be the subject of the participle phrase.

(2) Four examples are given.
(a) Knowing her pretty well, I realized something was wrong.

(b) Turning the corner, I saw Queen Elizabeth Hospital.

(d) Having passed my driving test, I was able to buy my first car.
(After I had passed my driving test, I was able to buy my first car.)
We use perfect participle to emphasize that one thing happens before the other..

(d) Treated gently, the fabric should last for years.
= If the fabric is treated gently, the fabric should last for years.
Treated ~ past participle (passive participle)
Treated gently ~ participle phrase

Comment:
Neither “Walking” nor “Walking up and down all day” is a gerund. Don’t forget there is a comma after “day”.
Gerund is the –ing form of verb used like a noun.

Sailing is fun. I have given up smoking.
Both sailing and smoking are gerunds.

Walking up and down all day,= gerund


Walking up and down all day,he has bady hurt his knees.

badly hurt the knees.=result after walking up and dopwn all day so his knees are badly hurt.