Question!!

1. a. Judging from his expression, he's in a very bad mood.
Judging from/by something ~ a common phrase.
e.g. Judging by his face, he was angry.


2. The couple returned to the hotel with their money a. spent on souvenirs
Money was spent. (passive)
The couple spent the money. (active)
不會是 (b) (c) , 應該用 passive form
(d) to be spent ~ not spent yet; 打算花費
spent on souvenirs ~ participle phrase in passive form. 已經花費了


3. d. Not having seen Jim before, I was surprised to see how young he looked.
Not having seen Jim before ~ This is participle phrase in active form.

Comment:
It is neither present perfect continuous tense nor passive voice.
I have been seeing Jim … Present perfect continuous tense (active voice)
Jim has been seen by me.. Present perfect tense (in passive voice)

Put A Word Upon Inside = ?

Putonghua's A = ?


Hongkonger's A = ?

(1)a Judging=absolute construction
(2)d=to be spent,passive voice
(3)c=Having not seen=I've not seen--Perfect tense changed to Perfect continuous tense,passive voice.