關於active voice/passive voice問題

Active voice (主動式) 是句子中的 Subject 去做verb 所說的動作。而
passive voice (被動式) 句子中的 subject 是接受 個verb 的那個動作。

其實中文也有主動式和被動式的句子。
例：
小花貓打破了花瓶。（主動式）
花瓶被小花貓打破了。（被動式）

而英文在表達 passive voice 時，動詞的結構是：
be + participle ..... by ...

句子中的 “verb to be” 的轉變表達 tenses.
“by” 後面的名詞執行動作

被動式通常用於 接受動作的是焦點，比執行動作的更重要。
被動式亦通常用於報告。


以下給你一些例子：

現在式：
Miss Chan punishes me. （主動式）Miss Chan 執行 punish 那動詞。
I am punished by Miss Chan. （被動式）
你有沒有察覺到主動式的 “me” 變了 “I”
當我們轉 active voice 為 passive voice 要注意 pronoun 也要按需要作改變。

Miss Chan punishes us.
We are punished by Miss Chan.
你有沒有留意到 pronoun 和 verb to be 的改變？
記得 verb to be 和 subject 要配合。

Miss Chan may punish them.
They may be punished by Miss Chan.
當有 auxillary verb 時，verb to be 就會是 “be”

過去式：
Miss Chan punished John.
John was punished by Miss Chan.
因為是 past tense，verb to be 變了 past tense 的 “was”

未來式：
Miss Chan will punish you tomorrow.
You will be punished by Miss Chan tomorrow.

現在完成式：
Miss Chan has punished her.
She has been punished by Miss Chan.
用 “has” 還是“have” 主要看 subject
在這裡，verb to be 變成了 past participle “been”

過去完成式：
Miss Chan had punished the little dog.
The little dog had been punished by Miss Chan.

有些情況，我們會將 “by xxx” 隱藏。
例：
Someone stole my wallet.
My wallet was stolen. (無需要寫 by someone)


2012-06-04 13:14:36 補充：
更正：
而英文在表達 passive voice 時，動詞的結構是：
be + participle ..... by ...

應是：
而英文在表達 passive voice 時，動詞的結構是：
be + participle

句子的結構通常是：
而英文在表達 passive voice 時，動詞的結構是：
be + participle ..... by ...

當不知道是誰做的或由誰做的完全不重要時，可以沒有 by (who)

2012-06-04 13:15:49 補充：
有些時候，可以將 past participle 當形容詞，表達被動式。一般來說，這個用法大多用於 action verb.
例：
a broken vase
frozen meat

　

passive voice應該轉用 past tense, 因為事情己過去。
Past tense
He was taught by me. 他是由我教導的。
The tree was cut two days ago. 那棵樹兩日前已經被人斬不來。
http://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/search?ei=UTF-8&p=by
第一句例句中, by = 解「被/受到」
但係英文跟中文係兩種不同的語言, 亦不可能就每一個字噤去翻譯。
第二句雖然無by字, 但係句中tense的用法已表現到佢係passive voice, 而唔係由某一個字去解「被」。
用法係: auxiliary verb 加上 (main verb用於) past participle
即是 was taught 或者 was cut
_________________________________________________________
Active voice 再加上 Past tense 的用法:
I taught him.
Someone cut the tree two days ago. (因為不知誰人做, 所以只能用someone)
要分辨main verb是否過去分詞, 就要多查字典啦!
http://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/search?ei=UTF-8&p=taught
_______________________________________________________
要運用Passive voice, 都有禁忌。
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_actpass.html
1) 在同一句句子中, 切勿同時用Active voice和 Passive voice.
例如:
Many customers in the restaurant found the coffee too bitter to drink, but it was ordered frequently.
=> Many customers in the restaurant found the coffee too bitter to drink, but they still ordered it frequently.
應該用"they" (Active voice) 做 subject, 而唔係用 it (Passive voice)。
3) 要注意正確選擇 subject
To save time, the paper was written on a computer. (Passive voice)
=> To save time, Kristin wrote the paper on a computer. (Active voice)
其實,"To save time" 和 "wrote the paper on a computer"都係同一個人(Kristin) 做的, 而唔係paper。所以切勿用錯subject。