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Position and Movement (or direction)
We generally use "on" to talk about the positions of things – where they are; and "onto" to talk about movement or directions and destinations – where things are going.
The cat is on the roof again.
How does the cat get onto the roof?
She stood on the balcony.
She walked onto the balcony.
The food is on the table.
The waiter is putting the food onto the table.
After some verbs (e.g. throw, jump, push, put, fall) we can use both on and onto to talk about directional movement. We prefer onto when we think of the movement itself, and on we think more of the end of the movement – the place where somebody or something will be.
He was trying to throw his hat onto the roof.
Throw another log on the fire.