Isomer Form 3 level

Two different chemicals are Isomers if and only if they contain the same atoms(both types and numbers) but the atoms are arranged in different ways.

For example, glucose and fructose:


圖片參考：http://santasusana.org/pakelly/G%20Chemistry/glucose.gif


They both contain 6 carbon atoms(C), 6 oxygen atomx(O) and 12 hydrogen atoms(H). However, the atoms are arranged in different ways: for fructose, it is pentagon ring. But for glucose, it is a hexagon ring.

let me try to answer

firstly, you may look at your hands
your hand contain 5 finger
try to overlap your hands (both should facing up / down)

手掌向上就2隻手掌向上 手背向上就2隻手背向上

then you'll find it is not equal.

this is a kind of isomer.

remember isotope?
iso- usually means between sth. and sth. have some identical properties and some difference properties.

isotopes
same:
no. of proton
diff. :
no. of neutron

result: physical properties different

isomers
same:
molecular formula (eg. C4H10 butane, C6H6 bezene)
diff. :
linkage / spatial arrangement

result: physical properties different

according to New Way Chemistry book 3A
isomers are compounds have same molecular formula and different linkages spatial arrangement of atoms.

somerism have about 7 types
I'll choose anout 3 to explain which you can understand easily

o position isomerism

same:
functional group [group of atoms which is responsible for all reaction eg,
　　　　　　 O
　　　　　　 "
OH- COOH- (-C-O-H) ]

carbon skeleton
eg. C-C-C-C
C-C-C
　 l
　C

diff. :
position of functional group

example:

H3C-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH
and
H3C-CH-CH2-CH3
　　 l
　　 OH

the OH- group is attract to 1st / 2nd carbon atom



this two compound's molecular formula:
C4H9OH

o Chain isomerism

same:
molecular formula

diff. :
carbon skeleton

C-C-C-C-C and C-C-C-C
　　　　　　　　　 l
　　　　　　　　　 C

oGeometric isomerism

same:
connect in same shape
eg:
Cl　　　　Cl
　＼　　／
　　C=C
　／　　＼
H　　　　 H
and
Cl　　　　H
　＼　　／
　　C=C
　／　　＼
H　　　　Cl

chlorine個位郁左
2樣野唔用
上面係1個係same side下面唔係
(the position of chlorine is differnet
these two is not equal!
the 1st one have 2 Cl- at 1side)

Isomers are different geometrical arrangement of same organic cpd having 3 or more carbons . Let take alcohol for example : methanol & ethanol donot have any isomers but for propanol there are 2 isomers calling Propan-1-ol or n-propanol CH3CH2CH2OH . This is straight chain arrangement of the 3 carbons . The other isomer is called Propan-2-ol or isopropanol (CH3)2CHOH so the first & second carbon atoms attach to the third carbon atom . This is the best I can explain about isomer , you do have many isomers for more than 4 carbon atoms organic cpds .
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