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There are four types of kidney stones, which are Calcium Oxalate or Phosphate, Sturvite, Uric acid and Cystine stones. X-Ray can detect Calcium, Sturvite and Cystine stones. X-ray will NOT detect Uric Acid stones, because they are radiolucent. Ultrasound can detect all of these types of stones. Ultrasound can miss small stones and stones in the ureter connecting the kidney and the bladder. Calcium stones account for 80% of all kidney stones and can be detected by both CT and Ultrasound if the size is large enough. CT scan stone protocol is the preferred diagnostic test for kidney stones, because it is more reliable than X-ray or Ultrasound. The stones can also be collected by straining the urine and sending the stone to the lab for analysis. They type of stone is usually not determined unless a person has had a kidney stone more than once. Regarding your case, your stone was likely too small to be detected with ultrasound and maybe X-ray. It is also possible that your symptoms were not due to a kidney stone if there is no diagnostic test that shows you have stones.
You are correct that the treatment of kidney stones does vary depending on the type of stone present. All people with kidney stones should drink plenty of fluids to dilute the urine and prevent further stone formation. Good luck to you.