Renaissance對後世既影響...(20點)

圖片參考：http://imgcld.yimg.com/8/n/HA00782940/o/701006010130413873417530.jpg
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL EFFECTS & BACKGROUND OF THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance brought in New Conceptions of Life and the World.--The Renaissance effected in the Christian West an intellectual and moral revolution so profound and so far-reaching in its consequences that it may well be likened to that produced in the ancient world by the incoming of Christianity. The New Learning was indeed a New Gospel. Like Christianity, the Renaissance revealed to men another world, another state of existence; for such was the real significance, to the men of the revival, of the discovery of the civilization of classical antiquity. Through this discovery they learned that this earthly life is worth living for its own sake; that this life and its pleasures need not contemned and sacrificed in order to make sure of eternal life in another world; and that man may think and investigate and satisfy his thirst to know without endangering the welfare of his soul.
EFFECT OF SOCIETY
This importance discoveries made by the men of the Renaissance gave a vast impulse to the progress of the human race. They inspired humanity with a new spirit, a spirit destined in time to make things new in all realms,--in the realm of religion, of politics, of literature, of art, of science, of invention, of industry. Some of these changes and revolutions were brought by follow them out more in detail in all the territories of human activity and achievement will be our aim during the period, where we propose to trace the course of the historical development through the centuries of the Modern Age,--the great age opened by the Renaissance.
EFFECT OF POLITICAL
It restored the Broken Unity of History.--When Christianity entered the ancient Graeco-Roman world war declared itself at once between the new religion and classical culture, especially between it and Hellenism...(P.S. To be cont. in supp./comment field)


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The Church, soon triumphant over paganism, rejected the bequest of antiquity. Some of the elements of that heritage were, it is true, appropriated by the men of the mediaeval time and thus came to enrich the new Christian culture; but, as a whole, it was cast aside as pagan, and neglected.

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Thus was the unity of the historical development broken.

Now, through the liberal tendencies and generous enthusiasms of the Renaissance there was effected a reconciliation between Christianity and classical civilization. There took place a fusion of their qualities and elements.

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The broken unity of history was restored. The cleft between the ancient and the modern world was closed. The severed branch was reunited to the old trunk.
The importance for universal history of this restoration of its broken unity,

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of this recovery by the Modern Age of the long neglected culture of antiquity, can hardly be overestimated; for that culture had in its keeping not only.
The best human race had thought and felt in the period of the highest reach of its powers,

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but also the precious scientific stores accumulated by all the ancient peoples. What the recovery and appropriation of all this meant for the world is suggested by ex-President Woolsey in these words:

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" The old civilization contained treasures of permanent value which world could not spare, which world will never be able or willing to spare. These were taken up into the stream of life,

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& proved true aids to the progress of a culture which is gathering in one the beauty & truth of all the ages."

EFFECT OF EDUCATION
It reformed Education.--The humanistic revival revolutionized education. During the Middle Ages the Latin language had degenerated for the most part,

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into a barbarous jargon, while the Greek had been forgotten and the Aristotelian philosophy perverted.
As to Plato, he was practically unknown to the mediaeval thinkers.
Now humanism restored to the world the pure classical Latin, rediscovered the Greek language,

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and recovered for civilization the once-rejected heritage of the ancient classics, including the Platonic philosophy, which was to be a quickening and uplifting force in modern thought.

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The schools and universities did not escape the influences of this humanistic revival. Chairs in both the Greek and Latin languages and literatures were now established, which dominated the schools and universities of the world down to the incoming of the scientific studies of the present day.

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It aided the Development of the Vernacular Literatures.-- The classical revival gave to the world the treasures of two great literatures.
And in giving to the scholars of Europe the masterpieces of the ancient authors, it gave to them, besides much fresh material,

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the most faultless models of literary taste and judgment that the world has ever produced.
The influence of these in correcting extravagances of the mediaeval imagination and in creating correct literary ideals can be distinctly traced in native literatures of Italy, France, Spain, and England.

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It is sometimes maintained indeed that the attention given to ancient classics, & the preferred use by so many authors during the later mediaeval & the earlier modern period of the Latin as a literary language,

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retarded the normal development of the vernacular literatures of the European peoples.

CONCLUSION
It called into Existence the Sciences of Archaeology and Historical Criticism.--Many sciences were in germ in the Renaissance.' As to the science of archaeology,

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which possesses such a special interest for the historical student, it may be truly said that it had its birth in the classical revival.
We have already noticed the new feeling for the remains of antiquity that stirred in the souls of the men of the Renaissance .

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The ruins of Rome were naturally the first object of the reverent curiosity and archaeological zeal of the Italian scholars.
From the fifteenth century down to the present day the interest in the monuments and relics of past ages

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and civilization has steadily widened and deepened and has led to remarkable discoveries, not only on classical ground, but also in Hebrew, Assyrian, and Egyptian territories, discoveries which, by carrying the story of the human race back into a past immensely remote,

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have given an entirely new beginning to history.
What is true of the science of archaeology is equally true of the science of historical criticism. We have seen that the spirit which awoke in the Renaissance was a questioning, critical spirit, one very different from the credulous mediaeval spirit,

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one very different from the credulous mediaeval spirit, which was ready to accept any picturesque tradition or marvelous tale without inquiry as to its source or credibility. It was this spirit that stirred in Petrarch.

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We find him comparing and criticizing the classical authors and following only those whom he has reason to believe to be trustworthy.
But the true founder of the science of historical criticism was Laurentius Valla (1407-1457).

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His greatest achievement as a critic was the demonstration, on philological and historical grounds, of the unauthentic character of the celebrated Donation of Constantine.
The achievements of Valla ushered in the day of historical criticism. Here began that critical sifting and

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valuation of our historical sources which has resulted in the discrediting of a thousand myths and legends once regarded as unimpeachable historical material, and in the consequent reconstruction of Oriental, classical, and mediaeval history.

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It gave an Impulse to Religious Reform.--The humanistic movement, as we have already noticed, when it crossed the Alps assumed among the northern peoples a new character.
It was the Hebrew past rather than the Graeco-Roman past which stirred the interest of the scholars of the North.

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The Bible, which the printing presses were now multiplying in the original Hebrew and Greek as well as in the vernacular languages, became the subject Of enthusiastic study & of fresh interpretation. Consequently what was in the South a restoration of classical literature

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& art became the more serious & less sensuous North a revival of primitive Christianity, of the ethical and religious elements of the Hebrew-Christian past.

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The humanist became the reformer. Reuchlin, Erasmus, and the other humanists of the North were the true precursors of the great religious revolution of the sixteenth century.

The Renaissance brought in New Conceptions of Life and the World.--The Renaissance effected in the Christian West an intellectual and moral revolution so profound and so far-reaching in its consequences that it may well be likened to that produced in the ancient world by the incoming of Christianity. The New Learning was indeed a New Gospel. Like Christianity, the Renaissance revealed to men another world, another state of existence; for such was the real significance, to the men of the revival, of the discovery of the civilization of classical antiquity. Through this discovery they learned that this earthly life is worth living for its own sake; that this life and its pleasures need not contemned and sacrificed in order to make sure of eternal life in another world; and that man may think and investigate and satisfy his thirst to know without endangering the welfare of his soul.
For a time, Renaissance is simple and classical culture. In fact, Renaissance isn't really to "recover" classical culture, and to take this criticism at the time of the cultural and institutional, to establish a new culture, to establish a new social system sounding.

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The Renaissance was a period of gradual development, there is no clear dividing line between the and events. But the Renaissance Whitehall people may change over time, led to the reformation and intense religious wars.

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Later enlightenment to Renaissance for his example. The 19th century historians think later scientific development, geographical discoveries, the birth of a nation State is derived from the Renaissance.

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Renaissance is a "dark age" of medieval and modern watershed, is the premise of public opinion of the bourgeois revolution. The Renaissance is to make Europe out of corrupt feudal mullahs to expansion of a prelude.

圖片參考：http://imgcld.yimg.com/8/n/HA00330498/o/701006010130413873417530.jpg
8.What are the effects of the Renaissance ?

GENERAL EFFECTS OF THE RENAISSANCE

The Renaissance brought in New Conceptions of Life and the World.--The Renaissance effected in the Christian West an intellectual and moral revolution so profound and so far-reaching in its consequences that it may well be likened to that produced in the ancient world by the incoming of Christianity. The New Learning was indeed a New Gospel. Like Christianity, the Renaissance revealed to men another world, another state of existence; for such was the real significance, to the men of the revival, of the discovery of the civilization of classical antiquity. Through this discovery they learned that this earthly life is worth living for its own sake; that this life and its pleasures need not contemned and sacrificed in order to make sure of eternal life in another world; and that man may think and investigate and satisfy his thirst to know without endangering the welfare of his soul.

These discoveries made by the men of the Renaissance gave a vast impulse to the progress of the human race. They inspired humanity with a new spirit, a spirit destined in time to make things new in all realms,--in the realm of religion, of politics, of literature, of art, of science, of invention, of industry. Some of these changes and revolutions we shall briefly indicate in the remaining sections of this chapter. To follow them out more in detail in all the territories of human activity and achievement will be our aim in later chapters, where we propose to trace the course of the historical development through the centuries of the Modern Age,--the great age opened by the Renaissance.

It restored the Broken Unity of History.--When Christianity entered the ancient Graeco-Roman world war declared itself at once between the new religion and classical culture, especially between it and Hellenism.....(TO BE CONT. IN SUPPL. OR COMMENT PAPER)