翻譯木乃伊的資料!!!

2010-04-23 6:44 am
唔該幫我將下面的內容譯成英文...

所謂木乃伊就是用乾燥方法或藥品保存,以防止腐壞的人或動物(如貓、鷹、狗等)屍體(蔡辰男,1990)。在美洲、中國新疆、埃及等地都有發現木乃伊,其中以古埃及的木乃伊最為久遠、最典型及著名。因為古埃及人相信死後會在另一世界生活,必須保存屍體完整,故此,他們的木乃伊都放置於墓室內—金字塔。

古埃及人製造木乃伊至少有五千年歷史,為什麼他們要浪費金錢、時間去做木乃伊呢?原來背後有一個神話故事。

奧西里斯(最初是大地之神,後來成為陰間統治者)是一位賢明的國王,深受愛戴,然其弟塞特(沙漠、風暴之神,又被視為邪惡與災難的象徵)卻嫉恨他,並想篡奪王位。一次他以詭計將奧西里斯殺死,並把他剁成14塊,扔入尼羅河。奧西里斯的妻子伊西絲(農業及受胎之神)知道後,便將奧西里斯尋回,但奧西里斯的生殖器卻被魚吃掉,雖然最後伊西絲和奧西里斯旳靈魂交配生了荷拉斯(勇敢與生命的象徵),並打敗塞特,但因奧西里斯少了生殖器,復活後也只能在陰間生活。

由於古埃及人深信這神話故事,並深信人死後能復活,加上尼羅河每年有規律的泛濫、消退,與之相應的植物茂盛與枯萎、太陽的升起和落下,都可「死而復生」,使他們更深信世界循環往復,人亦應如此。故此為了準備來世復活,他們便要好好保存屍體,否則靈魂便無所依附,在這觀念下,木乃伊之風便盛行起來。

至於動物為何要變成木乃伊?因為古埃及有很濃烈的宗教風氣,他們常把動物視作神的化身,部份被選出的動物更被神聖化,到死後便他們製成木乃伊加以安葬,到後來部份信徒深信獻祭動物木乃伊更能討神的歡心,便開始有將未死的動物製成木乃伊(沐濤,2001)。

古埃及人不論貧富,死後都會被做成木乃伊。在埃及前王朝時期(距今至少五千年),人們把屍體埋在挖得很淺的墓穴裡,上面用編織物覆蓋,再用沙土蓋好,而埃及氣溫較高,灼熱的陽光使屍體很快變乾,並得以保存(沐濤,2001)。

但前王朝未期,貴族的墓葬日益講究,墓室的出現,使屍體不與沙土直接接觸,自然蒸發便不可能,故需以人工方法製作木乃伊。而這時期,便只有貴族皇室才能製成完整的木乃伊,其他平民,只可用幾天時間包好屍體埋葬(沐濤,2001)。

在數千年時間裏,木乃伊的製作改變了不少,現以製作皇室木乃伊,最巔峰時的材料述說:酒、沒藥、桂皮、香柏油、香料、碳酸納、碳酸氫鈉、鹼粉、麻布、鋸屑、焦油、泥巴、假髮、假眼、赭石、樹脂、泡堿、松香等(李勉民,1985)。

據史料記載,製作木乃伊的工序非常講究。

首先用燧石刀在屍體腹部左側開個十厘米長的切口,從切口把心臟(防腐師和他的主顧認為心臟是感情的根源)以外,所有其他內臟掏出來,逐一用酒和含有沒藥、桂皮的香料加以清洗。技師還用香柏油沖洗屍體腹腔,把餘下的柔軟組織分解,接著準備取腦,他用一種帶釣的工具從死者鼻孔穿入頭顱,釣出裡面的腦髓,然後灌入香柏油和香料,沖出腦殼中的殘餘組織。

屍體清洗後,技師把所有器官和屍身埋進泡鹼 (碳酸鈉和碳酸氫鈉混合劑)粉末堆中,抽乾水分。屍身、器官大概要埋在泡鹼粉裡約一個月,拿出來後把每一部分再用香液和香料洗滌。屍體防腐工作一開始,便把屍體每個指頭包好,以免指甲損壞或脫落。

跟著,技師把乾透的內臟逐一以麻布包好,放回腹腔(或者個別放置於陶罐或石膏罐內)用鋸屑、麻布、焦油或泥巴之類填好腹腔。填放完畢,隨即將切口縫合。因為泡鹼已損壞一些頭髮,所以必須補上一些假髮。眼眶也需裝入假眼。最後便要把乾癟的屍身恢復生前模樣。技師要在屍身各處小心地割開很多微小切口,往皮膚裏填入依身體輪廓模造的麻布填料,甚至面部、頸部,嘴裏都塞以麻布使雙頰飽滿。並以赭石的有色泥土替死者面部以至全身(男死者染紅色,女死者染黃色)。染色便將屍體四肢分別以抺過松香的麻布一層層包好,然後包頭部和軀幹,最後全身裹起來(李勉民,1985)。

人們還要在木乃伊的胸前放上護身符和蜣螂雕像(也叫聖屍蟲),乞求它們能保佑死者順利通過陰間的道德審判(深圳新聞,2003)。

* 非常緊要!!! 唔該幫幫忙...

回答 (2)

2010-04-23 9:55 pm
✔ 最佳答案
The so-called mummy is preserved with dry methods or drugs to prevent the deterioration of people or animals (such as cats, eagles, dogs, etc.) the body (Tsai Chen M, 1990). In the Americas, Xinjiang, China, Egypt and other places have found the mummy, which the most ancient Egyptian mummies, the most typical and famous. Because the ancient Egyptians believed that life after death in another world, the need to preserve integrity of a corpse, so that their mummies are placed in the tomb room - Pyramid.

The ancient Egyptians mummified manufacture at least five thousand years, why should they waste money, time to do what mummy? If behind a myth.

Osiris (the god of the earth first, later became the ruler of the underworld) was a wise king, deeply loved, however his brother Seth (desert storm god, is also considered a symbol of evil and disaster) is hate him and want to usurp the throne. He will be a ruse to kill Osiris and his hacked 14, thrown into the Nile. Osiris's wife, Isis (the god of agriculture and Conception), after that, they quickly recovered Osiris, but Osiris genital been eaten by fish, although most Houyixisi and Osiris born soul mate He Lasi (a symbol of courage and life), and defeat Seth, but Osiris less genitals, only after the resurrection of life in the underworld.

As the ancient Egyptians believe this myth, and convinced of the resurrection after death can be coupled with a regular annual Nile flooding, extinction, corresponding with the withered vegetation, the sun rises and sets, and can "rebirth" , making them more confident that the cycle world, people should be so. So in preparation for the afterlife resurrection, they will be well preserved body or soul will be nothing to attach, in this concept, the mummy will be catching the wind.



2010-04-23 13:56:18 補充:
只可以翻譯2000字,
參考: --
2010-04-24 2:58 am
The so-called mummy is with the dry method or the drugs preservation, prevents the human who or the animal rots (for example cat, hawk, dog and so on) the corpse (Cai Chennan, 1990). In places such as the Americas, Chinese Xinjiang, Egypt has the discovery mummy, is most remote by the ancient Egypt's mummy, is most typical and is famous. Because the ancient Egyptian believed after dying, in another world life, will probably preserve the corpse to be complete, therefore, their mummy will lay aside in the tomb chamber - Pyramid.

The ancient Egyptian makes the mummy to have five millennium histories at least, why can they waste the money, the time to make the mummy? Originally behind has a fairy story.

West Austria Reese (is an earth-god at first, afterward became netherworld ruler) is a sagacious king, the depth is loved, however his/her younger brother Sert (desert, the storm god, also regarded as evilly with disaster's symbol) actually the envious hatred he, and wanted to usurp the throne. He west Austria Reese will kill by the clever trick, and chops him 14, throws into the Nile River. West after Austria Reese's wife Eassie silk (agriculture and the conception god of) know, then west Austria Reese will retrieve, but west Austria Reese's reproductive organ is actually eaten by the fish, although finally west the Eassie silk and Austria the Reese 旳 soul copulation has lived Dutch Russ (bravely with life symbol), and defeats Sert, but because west Austria Reese has been short the reproductive organ, after the reactivating, also can only in the netherworld life.Because the ancient Egyptian deeply believed that this fairy story, after and deeply believes the human died, can reactivate, in addition the Nile River orderly is in flood every year, the retrogression, with withers luxuriantly with it corresponding plant, sun's raising and falls, may “die and be reborn”, causes them to deeply believe the world repeat in cycles, the human should also so.


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