Climate of Japan ??

In the first sentence "The climate of Japan is milder than that of Canada.", we are comparing 'the climate of Japan' with 'the climate of Canada'. 'that' is a singular pronoun used to stand for 'the climate'.

If we omit 'that', the sentence becomes "The climate of Japan is milder than of Canada.". This is grammatically wrong as the meaning of 'of Canada' is incomplete.

Even if we write the sentence as "The climate of Japan is milder than Canada." which looks a bit better. The sentence is wrong because we cannot compare the 'climate' of a country with another country itself.

Therefore 'that' cannot be omitted in the sentence "The climate of Japan is milder than that of Canada."


For similar reason, in the second sentence "His manners are not those of a gentleman.", we are comparing 'his manners' with 'the manners' of a gentleman, 'those' being the plural pronoun representing 'the manners'.

Therefore 'those' cannot be omitted in the sentence.

no, both must be included in the sentences.