How do they fit together? Monotheism, New Testament, Gospels, Jesus, resurrection, Bible, crucifixion?

They fit together as parts of Christianity:

Monotheism means the worship of one god; Christianity is a monotheistic religion.
The New Testament tells the story of early Christianity and why it is. This is a book of the Bible and includes the Gospels which tell the life story of Jesus. Part of the story of Jesus is that he was crucified to redeem mankind for mankind's sinning and after being crucified Jesus came back to life in the resurrection.

The bible brings it all together.

Christ is it's grand subject, our good it's design, and the glory of God it's end.

Hi Jake, Its a good question and deserves to be answered, and soooooo... Why is it you are NOT reading it? There is a book which tells you "everything you ever wanted to know about the New Testament". Its called: "The New Testament". This is my pet peeve with people: they want easy, comfortable, convenient. They're fat and lazy. Why dont you READ THE BOOK??? Its really not that hard to understand. Once you've been through a modern English version, The King James will not be such a hassle anymore, and that is the authority you want to end up with. Good luck and may The Good Lord help you along.

There is the God of the Bible who created everything that exists that you see and don't see. That doesn't mean that you are capable of comprehending what you do see, let alone what you do see. That is to say that you don't even comprehend your own existence. Anyways, early on man fails and continues to fail. That ought to be obvious. Jesus is the sin offering, if you will, for man's deserved death ridden life. Since Jesus died for those sins (crucifixtion), even though He didn't have to do so but chose to do so, and has risen, He is the only way back to God. That pretty much covers it, regardless of man's philosophy..
I think Simon Bar-jonah was the first to actually "call" Him the Son of God, which Jesus said was revealed to him by the Holy Spirit. I don't think I've seen anywhere in the Bible any references even to mortal man to being adopted as "sons of gods" or anything of the sort. I'm no Bible scholar, and prretty sure nothing like that is ever mentioned. Hence, there is your answer to part one of your question.