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1.It is cloudy today.There are a lot of clouds in the sky.There is only a little sunshine. *** clouds and sunshire are not countable, so "a few" can not be used here.
2.Though the full moon is shining brightly,I can still see a few stars in the dark sky. ***stars are countable so "a few" is the correct word; "a lot of" and "a little" are for uncountable nouns. Also, normally we can not see any stars in a full moon, so seeing "a few" stars is unusual.
3.Alan eats only a little vegetables but a lot of salted food.It is not a balanced diet. *** vegetables here is used as a collective noun, rather than meaning "different kinds of vegetables", so "a little" is the correct description. "Salted food" is not countable, so "a lot of" is the proper description.