can i take my road test in new york with a mv-278? i'm 16 years old?

Yes, that is one of the things needed, that or an MV 275

Are you ready to schedule a road test? To make your road test appointment, you must have:

A valid NYS learner permit. Your permit must be valid on the date that you make your appointment and on the date that you take your road test.
A valid pre-licensing course certificate (MV-278) or a valid driver education certificate (MV-285). An MV-278 certificate is valid for one year after the date of issue. An MV-285 certificate is valid for two years after the date of issue. If your MV-278 certificate expires, you must complete another pre-licensing course to receive a valid certificate and to schedule a road test. Your certificate must be valid on the date that you make your appointment, but can be expired on the date of your road test. If you have a valid NYS driver license in another license class, you do not need a pre-licensing course certificate or driver education certificate.
Form MV-262 completed by a parent or guardian and/or a driver education instructor or driving school instructor. The form certifies that the learner has had at least 20 hours of supervised driving. Form MV-262 is not required if you are 17 years of age and have an MV-285 (Student Certificate of Completion).

Mv 275

I want to find out more about this as well

Dave Parker and Nicki Lewis posted the same question. You should read their answers side by side.

Was wondering this as well

There is no state where a 16 year-old is recognized as an adult unless they have been emancipated through the courts. Some states, like NH, have no emancipation clause! If you leave your parents house they can put out a missing person on you. Anyone you live with could be charged with "Interference with Custody of a Minor", a felony! If you are having issues talk to someone who can help. Running away is going to do nothing but be the albatross around your neck for the rest of your life.