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Regular school hours in major cities in both countries are from 7 or 8 am to around 4 pm. However, and this is a big "however", the majority of Japanese and Chinese students attend supplementary classes in the evening. These supplementary classes usually help to prepare students for university or high-school entrance exams (in Japan and China, students need to take exams to enter high school as well as university).
1. Japan:
In Japan, evening classes are mostly run by private institutions called "juku" which can be rather large in scale. Attendance is voluntary but students are often pressured to attend either by their parents or the need to do well on university or high-school entrance exams. Many Japanese students go to juku classes for a few hours every night of the week. A wide variety of courses are offered in the juku, ranging from the standard exam preparation courses to English conversation classes and musical instrument lessons.
Additionally, many private schools in Japan require students to stay for 2 hours after regular hours for extracurricular activities like clubs, sports and martial arts. Hence, the weekday schedule of a typical Japanese high school student might be something like this:
8am - 4pm: Classes at school
4pm - 6pm: Clubs and sports at school
6pm - 7pm: Time for a quick dinner
7pm - 10pm: Juku classes
11pm: Back at home to do homework.
After midnight: Time for 5 to 6 hours of sleep.
2. China:
In China, supplementary classes are often run by the schools themselves and attendance can be mandatory at the more elite schools. Classes can often run until midnight and it is not uncommon for students to get only 4 hours of sleep each night in the last year of high school because they spend so much time preparing for exams (the situation in Japan and South Korea is similar, but China has a lot more people and not so many universities so the competition is arguably more intense in China).
Institutions similar to the Japanese "juku" also exist in China, but they are on a smaller scale and known as buxishe or buxiban (literally "tutorial institution" or "tutorial class"). It's quite common for parents to send elementary school children for lots of classes at buxishe, sometimes as early as 6 in the morning.
Finally, China and other communist countries (like North Korea and the former Soviet Union) have government-run "children's palaces", which are centres for extracurricular activities including music, art and drama. Thus, children who want to become performers in the future will spend most of their time at the children's palace.