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The cherry blossom, or sakura, is something of a "national flower" in Japan. It's not officially the national flower: the chrysanthemum is the emperor's emblem and appears on Japanese passports, so it's probably the de-facto national flower. However, the cherry blossom occupies a higher place in the heart of Japanese people, so it can be considered the "people's flower".
The answer above describes how the cherry blossom came to be loved in Japan. I'll elaborate on its modern implications and uses...
- As a symbol of spring, and to represent the changing of seasons. As indicated in the historical background, Japanese people gather to view and enjoy the cherry blossoms in spring. Gatherings to see blossoming cherry trees are known as "(o)-hanami" and certain parks in certain cities are especially popular because the flowering is said to be exceptionally beautiful. Hanami is so popular that even in China (where the practice originated, as stated above), it is now considered a "Japanese" pastime.
- Most schools and government buildings have cherry trees planted in front of them as a symbol of national pride, beauty or inspiration. (An example of the cherry tree's inspirational properties is in the TV drama "Dragon Sakura", in which a temporary teacher plants a cherry tree in the school campus for "luck" and to motivate his students to study hard for exams.)
- In line with the springtime symbolism, the Japanese school year starts around late March/early April to coincide with the flowering of cherry blossoms.
- As a symbol of patriotism. The cherry blossom was associated with Japanese militarism during World War II. After the war, many cherry trees were cut down in Korea as they were seen as a symbol of Japanese occupation.