南京條約/鴉片戰爭(中英對照)

2008-11-30 7:34 am
我想要南京條約同埋鴉片戰爭ge經過. 包括個d 年份- 3 -

最好就中英對照- 3 - 我主要係想要d 英文. 感激不盡!

回答 (2)

2008-12-01 7:57 am
✔ 最佳答案
First Opium War 鴉片戰爭
Preparing for war, the British seized Hong Kong (then a minor outpost) as a base on 23 August 1839. In late October the Thomas Coutts arrived in China and sailed to Guangdong. This ship was owned by Quakers who refused to deal in opium, and its captain, Smith, believed Elliot had exceeded his legal authority by banning trade. The captain negotiated with the governor of Canton and hoped that all British ships could unload their goods at Chuenpeh, an island near Humen. In order to prevent other British ships from following the Thomas Coutts, Elliot ordered a blockade of the Pearl River (China). Fighting began on 3 November 1839, when a second British ship, the Royal Saxon, attempted to sail to Guangdong. Then the Volage and Hyacinth fired a warning shot at the Royal Saxon. The official Qing navy's report claimed that the navy attempted to protect the British merchant vessel and also reported a great victory for that day. Elliot reports that they were protecting their 29 ships in Chuenpeh between the Qing batteries. Elliot knew that Chinese would reject any contacts with British and there would be an attack with fire boats. Elliot ordered all ships to leave Chuenpeh and head for Tung Lo Wan, 20 miles (30 km) from Macau, but the merchants liked to harbour in Hong Kong. In reality, they were out-classed by the Royal Naval vessels and many Chinese ships were sunk. In 1840 Elliot asked the Portuguese governor in Macau to let British ships load and unload their goods at Macau and they would pay rents and any duties. The governor refused for fear that the Qing Government would discontinue to supply food and other necessities to Macau. On 14 January 1840, the Qing Emperor asked all foreigners in China to stop helping British in China.
Lord Palmerston, the English Prime Minister initiated the Opium War in order to obtain full compensation for the destroyed opium. China lost the war and was forced to open its five ports to foreign merchants and to permit a territorial concession of Hong Kong.

2008-11-30 23:58:24 補充:
This injust war was denounced in Parliament as unjust and iniquitous by young William Ewart Gladstone, who accused lord Palmerston to protect an infamous contraband traffic. The great outrage was expressed by the public opinion and the press, in America and England,

2008-11-30 23:58:50 補充:
for these 19th century drug dealers, protected by the English colonial interests, and its government.
2008-11-30 9:25 am
p.s.) NO 英文, ONLY 中文, but hope can help u
鴉片戰爭ge經過
第一階段
戰爭爆發之初,中方只視英軍為蠻夷,認為不具威脅。1840年6月,英軍統帥兼全權代表義律領兵到達廣州海面,並根據英國外相巴麥尊的指示,在封鎖珠江口之後,北上進攻浙江舟山,並攻陷定海。(中國方面稱英軍之所以北犯浙江,是因為遭早已當地準備作戰的林則徐擊退,之後轉而攻擊廈門,亦被閩浙總督鄧廷楨擊敗。但英國方面的指令從一開始已是進攻定海。)8月,英艦抵達天津大沽口外,本來主張戰爭的道光帝,眼見英艦迫近,開始動搖。英軍宣稱林則徐和鄧廷楨兩人玩忽聖諭、捏詞假奏[8],令英國不得不能出兵,這使道光帝免去了林則徐和鄧廷楨的職務,派琦善南下廣州談判,英艦撤至廣州。中英簽訂《穿鼻草約》,而林則徐被發配新疆,他雖上書道光帝,力言必須禁煙和重視海防,使被道光帝斥為一片胡言。不過穿鼻草約由始至終並未經中國皇帝批准,而琦善也沒有蓋用關防印,因此該條約不具法律效力。
第二階段
由於英國提出的條件過於苛刻以及琦善擅自簽訂,使道光帝大為不滿,道光帝便把琦善抄家革職,派奕山和楊芳赴廣東指揮作戰。但義律先下手為強,於2月23日進攻虎門砲台,雖然部隊英勇抵抗,但不敵英軍,虎門砲台最終失陷。奕山在廣州時,清軍兵力較英軍多二十倍,可是他把軍隊撤入城內,以致英軍登陸,攻下廣州城北郊的砲台,向城內俯射,摧殘兩個火藥庫,英軍隨即進攻廣州,以死9人代價擊敗2萬中國軍隊,奕山掛白旗向英軍投降,簽訂《廣州和約》,不但率部撤離了廣州還向英軍支付了600萬銀元的贖城費。期間廣州民間反英氣氛熾熱,發生了三元里抗英事件。而奕山為了不被皇帝懲罰,便虛報戰功,甚至將該戰役的慘敗說成大勝。[9]

第三階段
英國政府認為穿鼻草約所獲權益太少,改派璞鼎查來華為全權代表,擴大侵略。1841年8月27日,英軍再次侵入浙江,攻陷廈門、定海、鎮海、乍浦及寧波。其中定海兩度被攻破,總兵葛雲飛及四千將士戰死,英軍後來又攻打長江的門戶吳淞,江南提督陳化成率軍堅守西砲台,兩江總督牛鑑欲求和,下令撤退被拒。牛鑑逃走,東砲台被攻陷,陳化成與部下死守西砲台,孤軍作戰,直至戰死。吳淞的失利,使英軍迫近南京,清廷處於不利位置。
和約簽訂
清軍節節敗退,道光帝派耆英和伊裡布為欽差大臣,與英軍交涉。1842年8月4日,英國軍艦駛抵南京下關江面,璞鼎查威脅限日定議,否則發砲攻城,這使耆英和伊裡布只好全面接受英方提出的提款。1842年8月29日,中英雙方簽訂《南京條約》,戰爭結束。

戰爭結果
清政府被迫在南京的靜海寺與英國政府議約,雙方共在寺內議約四次。8月29日,中國清政府全部接受了英國提出的議和條款,在英軍旗艦「汗華」(亦譯康華麗)號上正式簽訂了中國近代第一個不平等條約中英《南京條約》,滿足了英國大多數的要求。香港島因此被割讓給英國,上海、廣州、福州、廈門、寧波五大口岸被迫開放給英國人貿易和居住。
列強不欲英國坐大,紛紛與中國簽訂更多不平等條約。1844年7月3日,中美簽訂《中美望廈條約》。1844年10月24日,法國與中國簽訂《黃埔條約》,享有領事裁判權和傳教權等。1843年10月8日,中英簽署了《虎門條約》,重新規定了英國所享有的最惠國待遇和領事裁判權。
南京條約經過
1840年6月,英國發動了侵華戰爭。英國國會在同年的四月,對這場戰爭撥款經費進行表決,結果以二七一票對二六二票,僅僅九票之差通過了款項,促成了這場戰爭,史稱鴉片戰爭。1842年英軍侵犯南京,清政府被迫在靜海寺與英國政府議約,雙方共在寺內議約四次。1842年8月29日(道光二十二年七月二十四日),英國代表璞鼎查,清廷代表欽差大臣耆英、伊裡布在英軍旗艦「康華麗號」上正式簽訂了中英《南京條約》[1]。靜海寺因此成為中國近代史起點的象徵。
隨後,法國和美國強迫清政府分別與之簽定《中法黃埔條約》和《中美望廈條約》。
真確文本現存於台灣的中華民國外交部,另一份文本則由英國政府保存。


收錄日期: 2021-04-13 16:17:31
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