words form既問題..english

Past participle 用來組成現在完成時、過去完成時、將來完成時及動名詞的完成時、不定式的完成時和各時態的被動語態。

現在完成時 Have you seen that movie many times?
過去完成時 Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
將來完成時 You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
動名詞的完成時 having gone
不定式的完成時 to be killed / be killed 在任何情態動詞中
被動語態 (past simple) I was told that my brother was involved in a theft.


而 Present participle 來組成現在進行時、過去進行時、將來進行時、現在完成進行時、過去完成進行時、將來完成進行時及不定式的進行時。

現在進行時 You are not watching TV.
過去進行時 While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
將來進行時 He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.
現在完成進行時 Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
過去完成進行時 James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.
將來完成進行時 You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
不定式的進行時 to be going / be going 在任何情態動詞中



在形式上，Past participle 大部分的字以ed為尾，但有幾十個是例外：stolen kept gone had run 等。最好查字典。
Present participle以ing為尾。


兩者都能代替 relative clause 。
The boy riding on the bike is my neighbour.
(riding on the bike is the phrase of present participle)

The bird kept in the cage is going to die.
(kept in the cage is the phrase of past participle)


另外兩者皆可作形容詞用：
The dancing child
A low-paid job

最後要留意的是 Gerund 和 present participle 的形式是一樣的。