聯邦制與共和制有什麼分別？

聯邦制是一種國家結構形式，和單一制[1]相對，是複合制[2]的一種。
聯邦制國家由各個聯邦成員組成，各成員單位先於聯邦國家存在。聯邦成員國在聯邦國家成立之前，是單獨的享有主權的政治實體；加入聯邦之後，雖然不再有完全獨立的主權，但在聯邦憲法規定的範圍內，聯邦成員的主權仍受到法律的保護。具體有如下權利（但不一定全部享有）（1）制憲修法（2）維持區域完整（3）成員有各自的國籍（4）加入和退出的權利。在組成聯邦制國家時，聯邦成員國把各自權力交予聯邦政府，同時又保留了部分管理內部事務的權力。聯邦憲法明確界定了聯邦政府統一行使的權力和各成員國的中央政府所保留的權力，即，聯邦的權力是來源於各成員國的參與。

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注解:

[1]
單一制是一種國家結構形式，指由若干不享有獨立主權的一般行政區域單位組成統一主權國家的制度，和複合制相對。在當代國家結構中，單一制與聯邦制（複合制的一種）是主要形式。
[2]
複合制是指由兩個或兩個以上國家組成的國家聯盟的制度，和單一制相對。複合制國家通常是由原先獨立的政治單元所構成有機整體，而這些政治單元已將其主要權力交給整體政府，這個整體政府可能原來是其中一個政治單元的政府或是新成立的政府。
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聯邦制是一種國家結構形式，和單一制相對，是複合制的一種?
按其聯合的程度，複合制分為聯邦制和邦聯制。聯邦制是指由兩個或兩個以上共和國、邦或州聯合組成一個統一國家的制度。邦聯制則是指兩個或兩個以上的獨立國家為了某種特定目的而結成國家聯合的制度。
單一制與聯邦制都是一種國家結構形式，且在當代國家結構中，單一制與聯邦制是主要形式。邦聯制構成的不是一個獨立主權國家。
邦聯制:

邦聯制在現代則一般是指一些國際間的區域組織，如獨聯體、英聯邦、東盟和美洲國家組織等。值得一提的是歐盟，歐盟是當今世界最成功的國家間邦聯組織，她越來越表現出超國家組織的傾向，許多人認為歐盟現在更像是一個聯邦，而非邦聯。邦聯還可能存在於某一國家，比如波黑，歷史上還有美國南北戰爭時期的南方邦聯，也實行邦聯制。原蘇聯則比較特別，名義上是實行邦聯制，而在實際操作上則更多地表現出聯邦制甚至是單一制的國家特點。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6&variant=zh-hk


2008-06-05 20:01:20 補充：
雖然我這份只是一個『集作』（抄集之作），但我也希望你會見諒！本人對政治並不了解。

2008-06-05 20:36:13 補充：
共和制或稱共和民主制(republic)，是人類社會的一種政體（和這樣統治的國家），那裡君主不是國家的最高首腦。施行共和制的國家通常稱作共和國。共和的根本原則是天下為公，國家權力是公有物，國家的治理是所有公民的共同事業。共和在本意上是通過制度組織起來的公共事務領域，而不是一種組織形式或政體。共和主義強調政府的公共性、公平性與中立性，即政府必須為所有人的利益服務（公益），而不能只為少數當權者的利益服務。然而民主的概念不是共和制暗含的。共和制政府形式可以包含有限的民主，那裡這些權利僅對有限的人群允許，如在今天的許多獨裁或極權國家的情形。這個詞意思也足夠寬泛到包括許多今天的高級民主制。

2008-06-05 20:39:07 補充：
現代共和制度則強調所有公民的參與國家的法律制定，政策制定和執行。當然參與的過程可能是直接的；或者間接的，比如通過代議制民主。在現代，共和國家的首腦通常僅為一人，總統。但有一些例外，例如瑞士，她有一個七人委員會作為國家首腦，稱為瑞士聯邦議會，還有聖馬力諾，國家首腦的位置由兩人共享

原文:

http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&variant=zh-hk

本文是經過分析然後作出刪除

2008-06-05 20:45:59 補充：
*08會考軍* ☆庭★院深深深幾許，我尼個答案係咪好爛？可唔可以唔好咁快選最佳，我試將共和制同聯邦制了解得深入D，然後最SEND俾你或打出黎。我對此爛答案作出道歉，謝！

2008-06-07 19:22:10 補充：
聯邦制和共和的分別：

聯邦制是那國家可以俾一team人決定關於國家的大少時，那team人和總裁一起決定，他們要討論然後得到一個共識，例如，定立一條新法例要經過討論，然有便決定定立還是不定立。

共和制是民主化。

有咩唔o岩講出來吧。這些全都係自已睇完d資料領悟出來的。

if there are not republic in china, than wt had Sun Yat Sin done?
And wt the "Five Yuan System" is?
Don't agrue with its final result, but focus on wt is the objective of these system or idea!

2008-06-08 19:03:38 補充：
federalism is originated in the United States, and therefore,
using English to reply this question is appropriate?

假如我是用中文讀世史的學生，那麼我則是看不明的。

2008-06-08 19:03:54 補充：
Lastly, you just point out the the difference of structure between these system,

but you can't tell me what is the main difference between them,

the exact difference and example so I can't understand!

why you cant read english?
if you are, you should not ask thiese type of questions here because Chinese only use central control, and the federal and republican had never happen in the Chinese history.

Ferederalism (聯邦制) is a political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. The term federalism is also used to describe a system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces). Federalism is the system in which the power to govern is shared between the national and state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often called federalists.

Republicanism (共和制) is a state or country that is not led by a hereditary monarch, where the people of that state or country (or at least a part of that people)have impact on its government, and that is usually indicated as a republic. In most modern republics the head of state is termed president. Other titles that have been used are consul, doge, archon and many others. In republics that are also democracies the head of state is selected as the result of an election. This election can be indirect, such as if a council of some sort is elected by the people, and this council then elects the head of state. In these kinds of republics the usual term for a president is in the range of four to six years. In some countries the constitution limits the number of terms the same person can be elected as president.

2008-05-30 00:12:49 補充：
Federalism decentralizes politics in many ways. For example, U.S. senators are elected to represent their state, not the nation. With more levels of government, more opportunities exist for political participation. Judicial power also is enhanced by federalism.

2008-05-30 00:13:00 補充：
Federalism also decentralizes policies. The history of federalism demonstrates the tension between the states and the national government over who should control policy. The overlapping powers of the two levels of government mean that most debates over policy become debates over federalism.

2008-05-30 00:13:04 補充：
States are responsible for most public policies dealing with social, family, and moral issues. These become national issues when brought to the national government by an aggrieved group. The American states are also policy innovators, being responsible for many reforms, new ideas, and new policies.

2008-05-30 00:14:41 補充：
In most modern republics the head of state is termed president, prime minister or consul, doge, archon and many others. In republics that are also democracies the head of state is selected as the result of an election.

2008-05-30 00:17:26 補充：
If the head of state of a republic is at the same time the head of government, this is called a presidential system (United States). Depending on what the president's specific duties are, the president's role may range from the ceremonial and apolitical to influential and highly political.

2008-05-30 00:23:24 補充：
In some countries, the head of state is not a single person but a council of several persons holding that office; if the members of the ruling cabinet and the president come from opposing political factions, this situation is called cohabitation: president needs to be strictly non-partisan.

2008-06-03 01:27:34 補充：
Mr. *08會考軍* ☆庭★院深深深幾許 :

I understand your concern on the language issue. But as the other replier told you clearly, federalism is originated in the United States, and therefore, using English to reply this question is appropriate.

2008-06-03 01:27:43 補充：
If you understand my english answer, I am sure you can use it wherever you intend to use since you have problem whatsoever understanding it.

2008-06-03 01:28:28 補充：
"中國有出現過共和制的" is wrong. The Imperial China or the Nationalist China had never had used the form of republic to govern the people.

2008-06-03 01:28:34 補充：
In the late qing dynasty, the Queen Cixi, as she wanted to do, tried to establish this "reupblican government", but that was a failure and never happened.