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Viking refers to a member of the Norse (Scandinavian) seafaring traders, warriors and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late 8th to the 11th century.[1] These Norsemen used their famed longships to travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga River in Russia, and as far west as Newfoundland. This period of Viking expansion is commonly referred to as the Viking Age of Scandinavian History.[2] While once thought to be part of the "barbaric North", with traditionally accepted ideas of Viking culture remaining in popular culture even today, the historical image of the Vikings has evolved somewhat to show the Vikings as sophisticated, technologically advanced peoples, proficient sailors, ship and town builders.[3]





Contents

1 Etymology
2 The Viking Age
3 Viking expansion

3.1 British Isles

3.1.1 England
3.1.2 Scotland
3.1.3 Cornwall
3.1.4 Wales
3.2 Ireland
3.3 West Francia
3.4 Iberia
3.5 Byzantine Empire, Russia, Ukraine
3.6 Greenland
3.7 North America
3.8 Motives for expansion
4 Decline
5 Weapons and warfare
6 Archaeology

6.1 Rune stones
6.2 Burial sites
6.3 Ships
6.4 Genetics
7 Historical opinion and cultural legacy

7.1 Icelandic sagas and other texts
7.2 Modern revivals
7.3 Romanticism
7.4 Nazi and fascist imagery
7.5 Reenactments
7.6 Neopaganism
7.7 In fiction
8 Common misconceptions

8.1 Horned helmets
8.2 Savage marauders
8.3 Skull cups
8.4 Uncleanliness
9 Notable Vikings
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links



Etymology
The word Viking comes from the Old Norse word "vikingr", lit. "one who came from the fjords", from "vik", meaning a bay, creek, fjord or inlet. By the end of the Viking period, the term both referred to pirates or robbers operating by sea, known as "vikingr" in West Norse, and was used as a term for sea-born warfare and harrying in the West Norse "viking." These names were common mainly in Scandinavia itself, however, and many other terms were used in the wider world.