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The modern English alphabet consists of 26 letters derived from the Latin alphabet.
Old English
The English language was first written in the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century. Very few examples of this writing have survived, these being mostly short inscriptions or fragments. The Anglo-Saxon Futhorc was replaced by the Latin alphabet from about the 7th century onwards, although the two continued in parallel for some time. Futhorc influenced the Latin alphabet by providing it with the letters thorn (, ) and wynn (Ƿ, ƿ). The letter eth (, ) was later devised as a modification of d, and finally yogh (Ȝ, ȝ) was created by Norman scribes from the insular g in Old English and Irish, and used alongside their Carolingian g.
The ligature (), for ae, was adopted as a letter its own right, named sc ("ash") after a Futhorc rune. In very early Old English Œ (œ), for oe, also appeared as a distinct letter named œel ("ethel"), again after a rune. Additionally, the ligature w (double-u), for vv, was in use.
In the year 1011, a writer named Byrhtfer ordered the Old English alphabet for numerological purposes. He listed the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet (including ampersand) first, then 5 additional English letters, starting with the Tironian nota ond, ⁊, an insular symbol for and:
A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z & ⁊ Ƿ
2008-04-09 17:40:08 補充:
Modern English
In Modern English orthography, thorn (þ), eth (Ð), wynn (Ƿ) and yogh (Ȝ) are obsolete.
2008-04-09 17:40:14 補充:
Thorn and eth are now both represented by th, though thorn continued in existence for some time, its lower case form gradually becoming graphically indistinguishable from the minuscule y in most handwritings.
2008-04-09 17:41:04 補充:
Y for th can still be seen in pseudo-archaisms such as Ye Olde Booke Shoppe. The letters Þ and Ð are still used in present-day Icelandic.
2008-04-09 17:41:09 補充:
Wynn disappeared from English around the 14th century when it was supplanted by uu, which ultimately developed into the modern w. Yogh disappeared around the 15th century and was typically replaced by gh.
2008-04-09 17:41:26 補充:
The letters u and j, as distinct from v and i, were introduced in the 16th century, and w assumed the status of an independent letter, so that the English alphabet is now considered to consist of the following 26 letters:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
2008-04-09 17:41:47 補充:
The variant lower-case form long s (ſ) lasted into early modern English, and was used in non-final position up to the early nineteenth century.
2008-04-09 17:42:24 補充:
The ligatures Æ (æ) and Œ (œ) mentioned earlier are still used in formal writing for certain words of Greek or Latin origin, such as "encyclopædia" and "cœlom".
2008-04-09 17:42:45 補充:
Lack of awareness combined with technological limitations (such as the QWERTY-format keyboard commonly used in typography, which does not have keys representing either ligature) has made it common to see these two letters rendered as "ae" and "oe" respectively in modern, non-academic usage.
2008-04-09 17:42:52 補充:
These ligatures are not used in American English (and related variants), where, for the most part, a lone "e" has supplanted both "æ" (as in the aforementioned spelling "encyclopædia") and "œ" (e.g., "fetus" instead of "fœtus.")