有關英文文法

1）當然不是
若兩個動詞是並列的，那樣每個動詞該用同一個時態。如：
John woke up and took a shower.
The teacher gave instructions and wrote questions on the blackboard.

若你是說複合性動詞，那就是verb + infinitive。如：
John likes to buy his clothes from XXX.
Mary organizes a party to celebrate her husband's birthday.

你說的-ing型可能是指進行式的用法，如：
John is playing basketball.
但是，正確地說，句子中的is並非動詞，而是用來指示play的現在式型態。句中只有一個動詞，就是to play。

你也可能說動詞+gerund的用法，如：
John likes swimming.
Mary prefers listening to music to watching television.
這些句子都只有一個動詞，-ing的都是名詞句。

2）形容詞都是放在名詞之前。你所寫的第二句其實是用了簡略法：
... of the expenditure [that is] required to settle the obligation.
這樣的寫法比較分拆的寫法（即... of the required expenditure to settle the obligation）好，因為意思較有連貫性。

3）這個跟（2）有點類似：
an outflow of resources that embodies economic benefits..
由於副句的主語是resources，所以你可以把副句的動詞寫成-ing型變成形容句。
=> an outflow of resources [that embodies] economic benefits..
an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits..

A flight that carried 300 passengers was delayed.
=> A flight [that carried] 300 passengers was delayed.
A flight carrying 300 passengers was delayed.

1.NO


2.不一定


3.Gerund(+ing =noun)