✔ 最佳答案
根據Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards (香港通行的會計準則),
__資產負債表___
大原則: "資產 assets - 負債 liabiltiies = 股東淨值 equity"
1. 資產
1.1 Non-current assets (非流動資產)
1.1.1 Property, plant and equipments
(固定資產. i.e. 長期使用的工具. e.g. 電腦, 影印機, 枱, 裝修成本..... )
1.1.2 Intangible assets
(無形資產. e.g. computer softwares, trademark of your company, patents on hand)
1.1.2. Investment properties
(This is shares investment in other companies, which is unlikely to be relevant to your company. Just show it for your reference)
1.2 Current assets (流動資產)
1.2.1 Cash and cash equivalents
(現金及現金等價物. 即係現金,加銀行存款)
1.2.2 Inventories (存貨)
1.2.3 Trade and other receivables
(應收帳款. ie. 你賣了貨 / 提供了工程服務給客人, 但佢地未找數給你)
其時你會: 同時增加 Sales (損益表) 及 Trade receivables (資產負債表), 以表示你公司因為做了生意, 所以資產多了.
當找數時, 你公司的資產並不會增加, 因為其是把Trade receivables (一個收錢的權利), 換成對應的現金而且.
(當然, 同樣是 "資產", 現金係最實際的)
2. 負債 (liabilities)
2.1 Non-current liabilities
(非流動負債, i.e. 一年以後才要找數的. 如, 銀行長期借款)
2.2 Current liabilities (流動負債, 一年內要找數的)
2.2.1 Bank loans and overdraft (銀行借款)
2.2.2 Trade payables (應付帳款, i.e. 欠供貨商的街數)
2.2.3 Other payables (其他應付帳款, 包括: 人工, 電費, 租金.......)
3. Equity (股東淨值)
3.1 Share Capital & Premium (當初成立時的股本)
3.2 Retained Earnings / (Accumulated losses) (累計損益, 即, 開張到現在, 總共揾了多少)
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損益表 Income Statement
Sales (營業額)
- Cost of sales (貨物成本)
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Gross profit (毛利)
+ Other net income (其他收入, 如, 銀行存款的利息)
- Administrative expenses (行政費用, 如, 租金, 總之唔係借款利息, 又唔係銷售費用, 就可以計入來)
- Selling expenses (銷售費用. :工程/銷售人員的人工, 運輸費...)
- Finance costs (財務成本. 你問銀行借錢, 要比銀行的利息)
_________________________
Profit before taxation (稅前盈利)
- Tax expenses (稅款. 在香港, Profits Tax 利得稅. 16.5% of profit before taxation, subject to tax adjustment)
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Profit for the year (當年盈利)
參考: I currently work in a CPA firm.