Why is DNA so important

中文
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脱氧核糖核酸（英語：Deoxyribonucleic acid，縮寫為DNA）又稱去氧核糖核酸，是一種分子，可組成遺傳指令，以引導生物發育與生命機能運作。主要功能是長期性的資訊儲存，可比喻為「藍圖」或「食譜」[1]。其中所包含的指令，是建構細胞中其他的化合物，如蛋白質與RNA所需。帶有遺傳訊息的DNA片段稱為基因，其他的DNA序列，有些直接以自身構造發揮作用，有些則參與調控遺傳訊息的表現。
DNA是一種長鏈聚合物，組成單位稱為核苷酸。長鏈骨架是由糖類與磷酸分子組成，兩者之間以酯鍵相連。每個糖分子都與四種鹼基裡的其中一種相接，這些鹼基沿著DNA長鍊所排列而成的序列，可組成遺傳密碼，是蛋白質氨基酸序列合成的依據。讀取密碼的過程稱為轉錄，是根據DNA序列複製出一段稱為RNA的核酸分子。多數RNA帶有合成蛋白質的訊息，另有一些本身就擁有特殊功能，例如構成核糖體的rRNA、進行基因剪接作用的snRNA，或是參與RNA干擾的siRNA。
在細胞內，DNA能組織成一種稱為染色體的結構，而細胞中的整組染色體則統稱為基因組。染色體在細胞分裂之前會先行複製，此過程稱為DNA複製。對真核生物，如動物、植物及真菌而言，染色體是存放於細胞核內；對於原核生物而言，如細菌，則是存放在細胞質中的類核裡。染色體上的染色質蛋白，如組織蛋白，能夠將DNA組織並壓縮，以幫助DNA與其他蛋白質進行交互作用，進而調節基因的轉錄。
英文
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information.
Chemically, DNA is a long polymer of simple units called nucleotides, with a backbone made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called transcription.
Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms such as animals, plants, and fungi store their DNA inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria it is found in the cell's cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.