急!!!我要熊貓的資料,,要有中英對照{20點!}

１. 竹子開花影響熊貓生存？

　呂植早年曾研究熊貓的糞便，檢查牠們能否從竹子得到足夠養料。她發現熊貓吃竹子的方式很「經濟」，左右開弓，只吃最嫩的葉和莖，採取「吃得快拉得快」的策略，所以熊貓有足夠能量生存。竹子四季長青，吃的動物不多，不用跟其他動物「爭食」。

　有人認為，百年一遇的竹林開花是熊貓天敵。竹筍從地上冒出屬無性繁殖，有花的時候採用花粉傳播，是有性繁殖。竹樹花綻放，附近的竹林也會開花，開花以後竹會死掉，待竹米發芽，才會長出新的竹來。在80年代的四川，曾出現竹林開花，有宣傳說要救救熊貓，更傳言牠們要餓死，甚至有人建議把熊貓抓起來，待竹子長出後才放牠們回去。

　呂植認為，把熊貓關在動物園，熊貓就很難生存，也不會生孩子。當時潘文石就認為，應先觀察竹子開花對熊貓的影響才決定。後來他們在研究發現，在熊貓的故鄉，就有不同種類的竹子，當一種竹子開花，另一種竹子就不會開花，而熊貓只會吃百分之一至二的竹林，竹子開花需時3至5年，熊貓可到其他地方覓食。呂植指，如果出於好意但魯莽地抓熊貓，才對熊貓有影響。

　不過她也補充，竹子開花對熊貓產生影響，主要是因為現今的竹林不大，經常一小片一小片的分隔開來，當竹林開花，熊貓難以到其他地方覓食。因此，關鍵不在開花，而是熊貓需要一大片野生環境，才可以確保牠們的生活。

２. 熊貓需要近親繁殖？

　看見熊貓數量大減，令人們對熊貓的性交能力產生疑問，更有說牠已要進行近親繁殖。因此，呂植曾在美國進行博士研究，探討熊貓的生殖能力。她透過基因多樣性，把熊貓和其他動物比較。發現熊貓的基因多樣性與非洲獅子差別不大。與全球曾減至20頭的亞洲獅（P. l. persica）比較，熊貓的生物多樣性高得多。

　她指出熊貓難以存活的論調，主要來自對動物園中熊貓的觀察。在人工繁殖環境下，熊貓大多不會性交，產下的孩子多不能存活，且多為雄性。更有甚者，有泰國的動物園要給熊貓看專屬的「色情電影」鼓吹熊貓生育。

　「在動物園，護理人員會把半歲左右的小熊貓，從媽媽身邊帶走，想媽媽快點再生孩子，令小熊貓失去很多學習的機會。熊貓有一種社會標記，在肛門兩邊分泌。牠們把液體塗在樹上，其他熊貓會知道對方的存在，所以雖然熊貓獨立生活，但也有互動性。動物園令小熊貓失去能力學習，長大後自然不會生存和交配。」

３. 熊貓能在野外生存嗎？

　呂植曾觀察13隻野生熊貓，只有一隻長不大，其餘12隻也能長大，所以保護熊貓仍有希望。

　根據化石紀錄，在古中國東部及南部，甚至越南、緬甸都有熊貓的足跡，但到了清朝，熊貓只生活在四川和長江流域一帶。據呂植估計，主要是在清朝人口暴發，短短數百年間由數千萬增至4億左右，大量砍伐山林用地和獵殺，令熊貓數量銳減。

　人類可說是熊貓的大敵，與70年代比較，90年代的四川山林面積更少，且愈見破碎。另外，熊貓經常被人為捕殺，早年有人獵殺熊貓取得皮毛，近年則屬誤殺。在山林捕獵時，獵人會錯誤套死熊貓。呂植曾有好幾次目睹熊貓因扯斷前肢而失血過多，被捕獸夾夾殺。她慨嘆地說，當陷阱多，生活環境變少，竹子又開花，熊貓的生存自然受到威脅。

Description


圖片參考：http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Chengdu-pandas-d18.jpg/180px-Chengdu-pandas-d18.jpg


The Giant Panda has a black-and-white coat. Adults measure around 1.5 m long and around 75 cm tall at the shoulder. Males are 10-20% larger than females.[8] Males can weigh up to 115 kg (253 pounds). Females are generally smaller than males, and can occasionally weigh up to 100 kg (220 pounds). Giant Pandas live in mountainous regions, such as Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Tibet.

The giant panda, a black-and-white bear, has a body typical of bears. It has black fur on ears, eye patches, muzzle, legs, and shoulders. The rest of the animal's coat is white. Although scientists do not know why these unusual bears are black and white, some speculate that the bold coloring provides effective camouflage into their shade-dappled snowy and rocky surroundings. The panda's thick, wooly coat keeps it warm in the cool forests of its habitat. Giant pandas have large molar teeth and strong jaw muscles for crushing tough bamboo. Many people find these chunky, lumbering animals to be cute, but giant pandas can be as dangerous as any other bear.
Giant Pandas can usually live to be 20-30 years old in captivity.

Behavior
Until recently, scientists thought giant pandas spent most of their lives alone, with males and females meeting only during the breeding season. Recent studies paint a different picture, in which small groups of pandas share a large territory and sometimes meet outside the breeding season.[citation needed]
Like most subtropical mammals, but unlike most bears, the giant panda does not hibernate.

Diet


圖片參考：http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Pandas_eating_bamboo_Washington_Zoo.JPG/180px-Pandas_eating_bamboo_Washington_Zoo.JPG
















Pandas eating bamboo at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.

Despite its taxonomic classification as a carnivore, the panda has a diet that is primarily herbivorous, which consists almost exclusively of bamboo. However, pandas still have the digestive system of a carnivore and do not have the ability to digest cellulose efficiently, and thus derive little energy and little protein from consumption of bamboo. The average Giant Panda eats as much as 20 to 30 pounds of bamboo shoots a day. Because pandas consume a diet low in nutrition, it is important that they keep their digestive tract full.