(急)少數民族——白族(英文or中英對照)

白族有百分之九十以上的人口從事農業生產，善種水稻。大理雪梨、賓川桔柑都是馳名中外的特產。
人口：二萬八千
分佈：雲南德宏的隴川，梁河等縣。
主要聚居在雲南省大理白族自治州，其餘分佈于雲南各地、貴州省畢節地區及四川涼山州。白族有本民族語言，漢文自古以來一直為白族群眾通用。信仰佛教。
白族有悠久的文化傳統，《創世紀》、《火燒松明樓》、《望夫雲》等許多優美動人的傳說故事，一直流傳至今，不少被編入戲劇上演。
白族家庭裏，兒子成婚後即與父母分居。白族同宗同姓不通婚。對客人，無論是否認識都熱情接待。凡客人光臨，必以“三道茶”款待。三道茶是最講究的茶禮，具有一苦二甜，三回味的特點。為客人斟茶不能斟滿，白族民間有“酒滿敬人，茶滿欺人”之說。
白族就餐很講禮儀，長輩、客人坐上首，晚輩依次坐兩旁或下首，並隨時要為長輩和客人添飯加湯，熱情待候。
當白族青年男子向姑娘求婚時，姑娘如同意，要向男方送粑粑；婚禮時新娘要下廚房製作“魚羹”；婚後第一個中秋節新娘要做大面糕，並以此表現新娘的烹調技藝。婚禮時講究先上茶點，後擺四四如意（即四碟、四盤、四盆、四碗）席。
背婚是雲南大理白族自治州洱源縣白族地區普遍流行的一種婚俗。每逢十字路口、三岔道或人員集結的地方，陪賓們便停下來，把嫁妝碼成兩大摞，讓新郎背著新娘圍著嫁妝繞“8”字。
平壩地區的白族多以大米、小麥為主食；山區的白族則多以玉米、洋芋、蕎麥為主食。主食都以蒸制為主。
因鮮菜常年不斷，白族人每餐都喜食鮮菜和各種醃菜。白族婦女大都善作醃菜，醃菜的種類很多，除醃制鮮菜外，還做豆瓣醬、豆豉、麵醬；劍川、鶴慶的白族常採擷洱海的海菜花，加工烹製成各種風味菜。
肉食以豬肉為主，除用鮮豬肉做各種炒菜外，還喜醃制年豬，加工成火腿、臘腸、香腸、 豬肝、吹肝、飯腸等精美風味食品。冬天，白族都喜歡大鍋牛肉湯，食用時要加蔓菁、蘿蔔、蔥等佐料一起食用。臨河而居的白族，擅長水鮮烹調。
白族大都喜飲酒，由於所用的原料和方法不同，酒的種類很多，制酒時常用40多種草藥製成酒麴，製成各種白酒，其中以窯酒和幹酒為傳統佳釀。另外還有一種糯米甜酒，是專為婦女和孕婦製作的，據說有滋補和催奶的作用。
飲茶是白族人的另一嗜好，白族很注重每天清晨和中午兩次茶。晨茶稱“早茶”或 “清醒茶”，一起床就喝茶，成年人都喝；午茶又叫“休息茶”或“解渴茶”，內放米花和奶，包括小孩也要喝一杯。
白族的風味菜肴很多。生皮是為白族逢年過節必備的菜肴之一，是用多種辛麻辣拌成的冷葷菜。毛驢湯鍋，是用毛驢肉燒制而成。柳蒸豬頭也是白族傳統名菜之一，是用豬頭放在柳條架上入鍋蒸制而成的。大面糕是白族中秋節特製的糕餅，用發酵麵團加佐料蒸制成。
白族的傳統節日很多，已有上千年歷史的“三月街”是白族一年一度最盛大的節日，現被定名為“三月街民族節”。另外還有“火把節”（又稱星回節）等民族節日



Pai nationality has 90% above the population to be engaged in the
agricultural production, friendly kind of paddy rice. The Dali Sydney,
the Pinchuan orange citrus reticulata all is the renowned at home and
abroad special product. Population: Two ten thousand 8,000
distributions: Yunnan Germany great Longchuan, county and so on Liang
Ho. Mainly lives together in the Yunnan Province Dali Pai nationality
autonomous prefecture, other distribute in cloud Namhkok, the Guizhou
Province Bijie area and the Sichuan Luongson state. Pai nationality
has the national language, Chinese written language continuously is
general since the ancient times for the Pai nationality populace.
Believes Buddhism. Pai nationality has the glorious cultural
tradition, "Creates Century", "Burns down Pine torch Building", "Looks
Husband Cloud" and so on many exquisite moving fables stories,
continuously spreads, many is until now enrolled the play to perform.
The Pai nationality family , after the son gets married namely
lives apart with the parents. The Pai nationality same surname
is not related trhough marriage. To visitor, whether regardless of
knew all warmly receives. Every visitor presence, must receive
cordially by "three teas". Three teas are the betrothal gifts which
most is fastidious, has one two is painstakingly sweet, three
aftertastes characteristics. Pours tea for the visitor cannot fill,
the Pai nationality folk has "liquor Man Chingjen, the tea completely
deceives people" saying.Both sides Pai nationality goes to eat speaks the etiquette very much,
the elder, the visitor sits the head, the younger generation sits or
the right hand seat in turn, and must as necessary takes another
helping of rice for the elder and the visitor adds the soup, is warm
待候. When the Pai nationality youth man proposes to the girl, the
girl like agreement, must deliver the cake to the groom's family;
Under when wedding ceremony the bride wants the kitchen manufacture
"the fish thick soup"; After the marriage the first Midautumn Festival
bride must make the big surface cake, and to this displays bride's
cooking technique. When wedding ceremony is fastidious on first the
snack, latter suspends 44 to be pleasant (namely four small dishes,
four, four troughs, four bowls) the mat. The back marriage is the
Yunnan Dali Pai nationality autonomous prefecture Eryuan County Pai
nationality area universal popular one kind marries vulgarly. Every
time meets the place which the intersection, 三岔道 or the

The Bai (Chinese: 白族; pinyin: Báizú; endonym pronounced [pɛ̀tsī]) are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They numbered 1,858,063 as of 2000.

The Bai People hold the white colour in high esteem and call themselves "Baizi", "Baini" or "Baihuo", which means white people. In 1956, of their own will they were named the Bai Nationality by Chinese Authorities.


Bai Architecture
A tea-serving ceremonial ground.
Ladies decked out in Bai costumes.Contents [hide]
1 Location
2 Language
3 Notes
4 See also
5 External links



[edit] Location
Bai people live mostly in the provinces of Yunnan (Dali area), and in neighboring Guizhou (Bijie area) and Hunan (Sangzhi area) provinces. Of the 2 million Bai people, eighty percent live in concentrated communities in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province.[1]


[edit] Language
An estimated 1,240,000 (as of 2003) of the Bai speak the Bai language in all its varieties. The tongue is either a member of the Sinitic branch or the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family or possibly part of an independent branch of this family.