介紹核能~急

2008-01-30 1:47 am
介紹核能的原理,世界各地用核能的地方,優點和缺點,和一些相關綱頁...
須中英對照....
急~~thx!!!!!!!

回答 (2)

2008-01-30 1:56 am
✔ 最佳答案
簡介

核能發電,是利用核分裂產生巨大的能量,製造高溫高壓的蒸氣或氣體,驅動發電機組發電。

核能所用的燃料,乃是可分裂或融合的放射性物質,例如鈾235、鈽239、鈾233等。例如1克鈾235分裂所產生的能相當於燃燒3000噸上等的煤所產生的熱量

目前核能發電量僅佔全球能源和電力供應百分之七和十七。


核能優點

1. 減少依賴化石燃料
2.生產巨大能量
3.祇需小量原料
4.鈾礦蘊藏量足夠長期使用
5.運作成本較低(約為火力發電三分之一)
6.生產電力時不會造成空氣污染


缺點

* 產生高低階放射性廢料,或者是使用過之核燃料,雖體積不大,但具有放射線,故必須慎重處理,且需面對相當大的政治困擾。

* 核能發電廠熱效率較低,比一般化石燃料電廠排放更多廢熱,故熱污染較嚴重。

* 核能電廠投資成本太大,電力公司的財務風險較高。

* 核能電廠較不適宜做尖峰、離峰之隨載運轉。

* 興建核電廠較易引發政治歧見紛爭。

* 核電廠的反應器內有大量的放射性物質,如果在事故中釋放到外界環境,會對生態及民眾造成傷害。

English
Nuclear energy
This article concerns the energy stored in the nuclei of atoms; for the use of nuclear fission as a power source, see Nuclear power.
Nuclear Energy is energy that is directly released from the atomic nucleus. The conversion of nuclear mass to energy is consistent with the mass-energy equivalence formula ΔE = Δm.c², in which ΔE = energy release, Δm = mass defect, and c = the speed of light in a vacuum (a physical constant).

Nuclear energy is released by three exoenergetic (or exothermic) processes:

Radioactive decay, where a neutron or proton in the radioactive nucleus decays spontaneously by emitting either particles, electromagnetic radiation (gamma rays), neutrinos (or all of them)
Fusion, two atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus
Fission, the breaking of an heavy nucleus into two (more rarely three) lighter nuclei
Nuclear energy was first discovered by French physicist Henri Becquerel in 1896, when he found that photographic plates stored in the dark near uranium were blackened like X-ray plates, which had been just recently discovered at the time 1895.[1]

Nuclear chemistry can be used as a form of alchemy to turn lead into gold or change any atom to any other atom (albeit through many steps).[2] Radionuclide (radioisotope) production often involves irradiation of another isotope (or more precisely a nuclide), with alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays.

Iron has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any atom. If an atom of lower average binding energy is changed into an atom of higher average binding energy, energy is given off. The chart shows that fusion of hydrogen, the combination to form heavier atoms, releases energy, as does fission of uranium, the breaking up of a larger nucleus into smaller parts. Stability varies between isotopes: the isotope U-235 is much less stable than the more common U-238.


From:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy
2008-01-30 1:59 am

圖片參考:http://hk.wrs.yahoo.com/_ylt=A8tU32z1.J5HIqQAua..ygt./SIG=12tlvgd86/EXP=1201687157/**http%3A//www.wisdomstore.us/images/Nuclear%2520Mushroom%2520Cloud%25205.jpg

核能是通過轉化其質量從原子核釋放的能量,符合阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦的方程E=mc²,其中E=能量,m=質量,c=光速常量。核能通過三種核反應之一釋放:



核裂變,打開原子核的結合力。

核裂變,又稱核分裂是指由重的原子,主要是指鈾或鈽,分裂成較輕的原子的一種核反應形式。 原子彈以及裂變核電站的能量來源都是核裂變。 其中鈾裂變在核電廠最常見,加熱後鈾原子放出2到4個中子,中子再去撞擊其它原子,從而形成「鏈式反應」而自發裂變。撞擊時除放出中子還會放出熱,再加快撞擊,但如果溫度太高,反應爐會熔掉,因此通常會放控制棒(硼製成)去吸中子以降低分裂速度


核聚變,原子的粒子熔合在一起。


核聚變,又稱核融合。是指由質量小的原子,主要是指氘或氚,在一定條件下(如超高溫和高壓),發生原子核互相聚合作用,生成新的質量更重的原子核,並伴隨著巨大的能量釋放的一種核反應形式。原子核中蘊藏巨大的能量,原子核的變化(從一種原子核變化為另外一種原子核)往往伴隨著能量的釋放。如果是由重的原子核變化為輕的原子核,叫核裂變,如原子彈爆炸;如果是由輕的原子核變化為重的原子核,叫核聚變,如太陽發光發熱的能量來源。



相比核裂變,核聚變幾乎不會帶來放射性污染等環境問題,而且其原料可直接取自海水中的氘,來源幾乎取之不盡,是理想的能源方式。



目前人類已經可以實現不受控制的核聚變,如氫彈的爆炸。但是要想能量可被人類有效利用,必須能夠合理的控制核聚變的速度和規模,實現持續、平穩的能量輸出。科學家正努力研究如何控制核聚變,但是現在看來還有很長的路要走。


在2005年,部份科學家相信已經成功做出小型的核聚變1,並且得到初步驗證2。首個實驗核聚變發電站將選址法國3。


目前主要的幾種可控核聚變方式:

超聲波核聚變

雷射約束(慣性約束)核聚變

磁約束核聚變(托卡馬克)

核衰變,自然的慢得多的裂變形式。


核衰變是放射性核素自發地釋放射線和能量,最終轉化為其他穩定核素的過程。放射性核素在進行核衰變的時候,根據核素的性質可能放射出α射線、 β射線、γ射線以及俘獲電子等。


由於一個原子的衰變是自然地發生,即不能預知何時會發生,因此會以機會率來表示。每顆原子衰變的機率大致相同,做實驗的時候,會使用千千萬萬的原子。當原子開始發生衰變,其數量會越來越少,衰變的速度也會因而減慢。例如一種原子的半衰期為一小時,一小時後其未衰變的原子會剩下原來的二分一,兩小時後會是四分一,三小時後會是八分一。

原子的衰變會產生出另一種元素,並會放出阿爾法、貝塔粒子或中微子,在發生衰變後,該原子也會釋出伽馬射線。根據愛因斯坦的質能守恆公式E = mc2,衰變是其中一個把質量轉為能量的方式。通常衰變所產生的產物多也是帶放射性,因此會有一連串的衰變過程,直至該原子衰變至一穩定的同位素。


發生核衰變的放射性核素有的是在自然界中出現的天然放射性同位素,如碳14,但其衰變只會經過一次β衰變轉為氮14原子,並不會一連串地發生。也有很多是經過粒子對撞等方法人工製造的核素。



A nuclear weapon is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of fusion or fission. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives, and a single weapon is capable of destroying an entire city.

In the history of warfare, two nuclear weapons have been detonated — both by the United States, during the closing days of World War II. The first was detonated on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device code-named "Little Boy" on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second was detonated three days later when the United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device code-named "Fat Man" on the city of Nagasaki. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people from injuries sustained from the explosion and acute radiation sickness, and even more deaths over time from long-term effects of radiation. The use of these weapons was and remains controversial. (See Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for a full discussion.) Since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for testing purposes and demonstration purposes. The only countries known to have detonated such weapons are (chronologically) the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, the People's Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea.


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