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I assume you're talking about the written languages.
The Chinese written language began about 3,200 years ago beginning as pictograms -- that is, as pictures of the thing or the idea that they were supposed to represent. They weren't wholly different from Egyptian Hieroglyphs in that respect. Over time, pictograms were combined to covey more complex meanings, however as the language evolved (as languages do), many characters changed meaning slowly, particularly as the characters became more complex.
Japanese has four writing systems -- kanji, katakana, hiragana, and romanji. Romanji is simply the Roman (same as English) alphabet. Kanji is directly taken from Chinese, and in fact, many Japanese kanji characters mean the same thing in Japanese as they do in Chinese (although they are usually pronounced much differently).
Katakana and hiragana are both syllabaries -- this means that each character represents a syllable instead of a single consonent or vowel. Both are used generally for words where there are no kanji characters, such as names, certain place names, foreign words, etc. Both of them are based on Chinese writing -- simple radicals that at one point had the same pronunciation. Katakana is more straight and angular, which hiragana was based on Chinese "cursive" or stylised writing. Interesting, hiragana was historically preferred by women, katakana by (relatively) educated men, and kanji by the educated elite.
Hangul, the Korean writing system, was created over 500 years ago in order to be different from Chinese. Because there are so many Chinese characters (over 14,000), literacy in Chinese is very difficult. The Hangul writing system uses individual letters to represent sounds -- these are usually grouped together in two or three, and very rarely, four, but each shape still represents a single sound. In addition, similar sounds are represented by similar-looking letters in order to make learning easier. In short, however, Hangul was created in order to increase literacy among Koreans, and not just for the educated elite.
Hope this helps.