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We use 'a' with singular nouns beginning with a consonant sound (b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z). It is used when we are talking about things in general. However, we use 'a' in words e.g. 'uniform , 'university because they begin with a consonant sound, though the first alphabet a vowel. We do not use it when there is a uncountable or plural nouns.
The use of 'an' is similar to the use of 'a', but it is used with singular nouns beginning with a vowel sound (a,e,i,o,u). However, we use 'an' in words e.g. 'hour because it begins with a vowel sound.
We use 'the' in the following conditions:
1. unique object e.g. the moon
2. object that we have mentioned for the second time.
3. musical instruments e.g. the piano
4. family names
Hope this piece information can help you!