If you have read the back of that receipt, one of the section clearly tells you that you will not be able to exit Hong Kong with it. You must have passport or Re-entry Permit (回港證) along with the receipt to exit.
To enter mainland China, you will need the Home Return Permit/Card (回鄉證/港澳居民來往內地通行證). Having HKID only will not be enough for entry to mainland China.