what is pp

Present participle phrase :

we use present participle phrase to show :

1. the reason why something happened .

Example : Having lots of unusual attractions , the theme park is very popular .
( = Since the theme park has lots of unusual attractions , it is popular . )

2. that twoactions happen at the same time or one right after another .

Example : Seeing his mother , the little boy ran towards her .
( = When the little boy saw his mother , he ran towards her . )

Past participle phrases :

we use past participle to introduce the reason why something happened .

As with a present participle phrase , a past participle phrase can be used with both the simple present and simple past tense .

P.S. we use a present participle phrase for an active verb and a past participle for a passive verb .

Example : Amazed by the colourful tropical fish , the children shouted with joy .
( = Since the children were amazed by the colourful trpoical fish , they shouted with joy . )

pp

• abbreviation
1 (pp.) pages.
2 (also p.p.) per procurationem (used when signing a letter on someone else’s behalf). from Latin, ‘through the agency of’.
3 Music pianissimo.

past participle
e.g gone, eaten

pp=present perfect


Present Perfect
FORM
[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.
Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

pp = Past Participle
for example:
go going went gone
gone就係past participle
通常perfect tense先用pp