“gerund” 的使用方法?

In linguistics, “gerund” is a term used to refer to various non-finite verb forms in various languages:









As applied to English, it refers to what might be called a verb's action noun, which is one of the uses of the -ing form. This is also the term's use as applied to Latin; see Latin conjugation.
As applied to Spanish, it refers to an adverbial participle (a verbal adverb), called in Spanish the gerundio. The term gerundive is also applied to this.
As applied to French, it refers either the adverbial participle — also called the gerundive — or to the present adjectival participle.
As applied to Hebrew, it refers either to the verb's action noun, or to the part of the infinitive that follows the infinitival prefix (also called the infinitival construct).
As applied to Frisian, it refers to one of two verb forms frequentely referred to as infinitives, this one ending in -n. It shows up in nominalizations and is selected by perception verbs.
As applied to other languages, it may refer to almost any non-finite verb form; however, it most often refers to an action noun, by analogy with its use as applied to English or Latin.


Gerunds in English



In English the gerund is identical in form to the present participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting only of one word, the gerund) acts as a noun within the larger sentence. For example:



Editing this article is very easy.







Within the clause "Editing this article", the word "Editing" behaves as a verb; the phrase "this article" is the object of that verb. But the whole clause "Editing this article" acts as a noun within the sentence as a whole; it is the subject of the verb "is".



Other examples of the gerund:





I like swimming. (direct object)







Swimming is fun. (subject)







Verb patterns with the gerund

Verbs that are normally followed by a gerund include admit, adore, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, describe, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel, finish, give up, hear, imagine, include, justify, keep (on), listen to, mention, mind, miss, notice, observe, perceive, postpone, practice, quit, recall, report, resent, resume, risk, see, sense, stop, suggest, tolerate and watch.







Additionally, the prepositions "into" and "out of" can be followed by a gerund.



For example:









We postponed making any decision.

I simply adore reading what you write.

I detest going to the cinema.

We heard whispering.

His physician advised leaving home for a week.

They denied having avoided me. (= They denied that they had avoided me.)

He talked me into coming to the party.

They frightened her out of voicing her opinion.

Verbs followed by a gerund or a to-infinitive





With little change in meaning







begin, continue, start; hate, like, love, prefer







With would, the verbs hate, like, love, and prefer are usually followed by the to-infinitive.



For example:





I hate to work. or I hate working.

I love to sleep. or I love sleeping.

I would like to work there. (more usual than working)





In these examples, if the subject of the verb is not the subject of the second verb, the second verb must be a gerund (instead of an infinitive)



If I am watching sports on television, for example, I can react to the programs only as follows:





I hate boxing.

I love swimming.

gerund=a noun which is formed by adding "ing" at the end of a verb.

e.g.Smoking is bad for our health.
^
Gerund

you can't say "smoke is bad for our health". It's grammatically correct, but you can't express the right thing which you wanted to.

e.g.I am looking forward to seeing you again.
^
Gerund

some schools said it is a "SPECIAL CASE" using non-bare infinitives forms after "to".

THIS IS TOTALLY WRONG!!!!!!

the word "seeing" here is serving as a noun instead of a present progressive verb. Just like the following sentence structure:

I am looking forward to (v+ing)(sth.).
or
I am looking forward to seeing my friends.
I am looking forward to receiving my souvenirs
I am looking forward to doing my brother's homework.
.
.
.

2007-09-06 21:44:11 補充：
the first arrow(^) goes to "Smoking"the second arrow(^) goes to "seeing"

gerund用法：
當1句句子出現2個動詞
例如：I like swim with my father.
第二個動詞便要+ing
例如：I like swim with my father.
便會改為
I like swimming with my father.
以下的動詞例子在出現2個動詞情況，第二個動詞需要+ing
like,hate,love enjoy........

希望幫到你

2007-09-06 21:40:23 補充：
以上的資料是最想用的用法。