木乃伊一問.....十萬火急.......要考試.......F.1 History

Mummification in ancient Egypt was a very long and expensive process. From start to finish, it took about seventy days to embalm a body. Since the Egyptians believed that mummification was essential for passage to the afterlife, people were mummified and buried as well as they could possibly afford. High-ranking officials, priests and other nobles who had served the pharaoh and his queen had fairly elaborate burials. The pharaohs, who were believed to become gods when they died, had the most magnificent burials of all. In the case of a royal or noble burial, the embalmers set up workshops near the tomb of the mummy.
The art of Egyptian mummification consisted of many steps. First, the body was washed and ritually purified. The next step was to remove the deceased person's inner organs. A slit was cut into the left side of the body so that the embalmers could remove the intestines, the liver, the stomach and the lungs. Each of these organs was embalmed using natron, which served to dry out the organs and discourage bacteria from decaying the tissues.

The organs were then individually wrapped using long strips of linen and placed in canopic jars. The lids of these jars were fashioned after the four sons of Horus, who were each entrusted with protecting a particular organ.


Here are some canopic jars with lids depicting the four sons of Horus:

Qebehsenuef, the falcon head -- intestines
Duamutef, the jackal head -- stomach
Hapy, the baboon head -- lungs
Imsety, the human head -- liver

Kelsey Museum of Archeology, #KM 73.1.1-4

After the removal of the inner organs, the body cavity was stuffed with natron. The brain was then removed through the nose using long hooks. Since the ancient Egyptians considered the brain unimportant, it was probably thrown away.

The body was then placed on a slanted embalming table and completely covered with natron. This allowed fluids to drip away as the body slowly dried out. This part of the process took about forty days, after which the natron was removed, inside and out, to reveal a dried, shrunken body. After another cleaning, the body was rubbed with unguents to aid in preserving the mummy's skin. The head and body cavity were stuffed with packing.

Get four jars to hold the liver, lungs, intestines, and stomach. Keep the heart inside the body and discard the other internal body organs.
Poke a rod with a hook on it through the nasal cavity to pull out the brain. Stuff the head with tree resin and sawdust.
Soak the body in natron for 40 days. Then put the body on an inclining couch so the liquids and natron fall to the bottom into a pan. Discard.
Rub the body with olibanum oil to make the skin supple.
Pack the body to make it more lifelike (with spices or sawdust).
Use wax to seal any incisions.
Tear fine linen into strips 16 yards long and 2-8 inches wide.
Wrap the smaller extremities (toes and fingers) first.
Next, wrap the limbs, and finally, the torso.
Sing appropriate chants over each body part.
Secure linen with tree resin.
Tuck in an amulet after every few layers.

Tips:
You'll need over 1000 yards of fine linen.
The wrapping should take 15 days. .
Natron is a drying solution from the Nile area. It's similar to baking soda and salt

木乃伊是埃及除了金字塔之外，另一個聞名世界的科技成就，早在西元前三千年前，古埃及人就已經有了防腐的觀念，從原本粗糙的技巧，到後來驚人的保存技術，莫不讓後人嘆為觀止，從古王國開始製作木乃伊，經過中王國，到了新王國木乃伊的製作技術已相當成熟，更成為之後木乃伊的製作規範。

新王國時期木乃伊製法：
<1>去世至下葬為期70天，成為以後之規範。
<2>將屍體送至製木乃伊之屋(per-nefer)。
<3>敲碎篩骨，用金屬勾將腦部由鼻孔取出。
<4>將腹部肝、肺、胃、腸四器官取出。
<5>用椰酒及香料清理體腔，用臨時材料填滿。
<6>將手指腳趾用繩繫緊，再用泡鹼將屍體乾貯。
<7>將屍體送至純淨之屋，用尼羅河水洗淨。
<8>用樹脂浸泡過的亞麻布將腦部填滿。
<9>將腹部臨時充填物取出，用裝滿木屑的亞麻布或泡過樹脂的沒藥填滿，再縫合。
<10>擦上杉樹油、蠟、泡鹼及樹膠的混合物。
<11>灑上香料、塞住鼻孔。
<12>眼皮下方放上洋蔥或亞麻布的墊子。
<13>用熔化的樹脂將屍體塗滿，收斂毛細孔保護皮層。
<14>用亞麻布將屍體四肢先包起，再包身體，再套上完整壽衣。
<15>繼續包裹，每包一個部位都要唸一段咒語，不能間斷，直到第52天結束。
<16>第68天至70天則入棺。

木乃伊是埃及除了金字塔之外，另一個聞名世界的科技成就，早在西元前三千年前，古埃及人就已經有了防腐的觀念，從原本粗糙的技巧，到後來驚人的保存技術，莫不讓後人嘆為觀止，從古王國開始製作木乃伊，經過中王國，到了新王國木乃伊的製作技術已相當成熟，更成為之後木乃伊的製作規範。

從第一王朝始，人們採用麻布帶包裹遺體，後來又發明了塗抹樹脂的包帶防腐技術．從第四王朝始，人們發明了通過切口從遺體內取出內臟的新技術，到了新王國時代，人們用鉤子從鼻孔摘除腦髓，並把屍體放在槽中浸泡使之脫水，然後再包裹起來．從古王國時代起，除了保存木乃伊外，還要制作和安放死者的雕像，用意是一旦遺體損傷或遺失，雕像可作為木乃伊的代替品，使靈魂得以繼續下去．從第一中間期和中王國時代，地方貴族常在懸崖營造巖窟墓，從已發掘的墓葬來看，普通人採用木棺，貴族多用石棺，在長方形的石棺內往往還裝入人形木棺，人形木棺是仿照木乃伊的形體製作的；在棺木外貼上紙草或亞麻布，表面再用石膏固定，人形棺的外側描繪了木乃伊的臉面和胸飾，棺內裝有木乃伊．貴族墓一般建造在遠離王陵以外的地方，集中在帝王谷東面的山谷中，因此被稱為貴族谷，一般來說，貴族的陵墓牆壁上都畫有很多壁畫，這些壁畫內容多為反映貴族的日常一般生活。

新王國時期木乃伊製法：
<1>去世至下葬為期70天，成為以後之規範。
<2>將屍體送至製木乃伊之屋(per-nefer)。
<3>敲碎篩骨，用金屬勾將腦部由鼻孔取出。
<4>將腹部肝、肺、胃、腸四器官取出。
<5>用椰酒及香料清理體腔，用臨時材料填滿。
<6>將手指腳趾用繩繫緊，再用泡鹼將屍體乾貯。
<7>將屍體送至純淨之屋，用尼羅河水洗淨。
<8>用樹脂浸泡過的亞麻布將腦部填滿。
<9>將腹部臨時充填物取出，用裝滿木屑的亞麻布或泡過樹脂的沒藥填滿，再縫合。
<10>擦上杉樹油、蠟、泡鹼及樹膠的混合物。
<11>灑上香料、塞住鼻孔。
<12>眼皮下方放上洋蔥或亞麻布的墊子。
<13>用熔化的樹脂將屍體塗滿，收斂毛細孔保護皮層。
<14>用亞麻布將屍體四肢先包起，再包身體，再套上完整壽衣。
<15>繼續包裹，每包一個部位都要唸一段咒語，不能間斷，直到第52天結束。
<16>第68天至70天則入棺。