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Bach in a 1748 portrait by Haussmann
Johann Sebastian Bach (pronounced [ˈjoːhan zəˈbastjan bax]) (21 March 1685 O.S. – 28 July 1750 N.S.) was a prolific German composer and organist whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity. Although he introduced no new forms, he enriched the prevailing German style with a robust contrapuntal technique, a control of harmonic and motivic organisation from the smallest to the largest scales, and the adaptation of rhythms and textures from abroad, particularly Italy and France. He is regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time.

Revered for their intellectual depth and technical and artistic beauty, J.S. Bach's works include the Brandenburg concerti, the Goldberg Variations, the keyboard Suites(1)(2) and Partitas, the Well-Tempered Clavier, the Mass in B Minor, the St Matthew Passion, The Musical Offering, The Art of Fugue, and more than 200 cantatas.

Biography



[edit] Childhood (1685–1703)
Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, a town of some 6,000 residents in the German-speaking electorate of Thurigia. He was the youngest child of Johann Ambrosius Bach, organist at St. George's Church, and Maria Elisabetha Lämmerhirt Bach. His father taught him to play violin and harpsichord. His uncles were all professional musicians, whose posts ranged from church organists and court chamber musicians to composers. His uncle, Johann Christoph Bach, was especially famous and introduced him into the art of organ playing. Bach was proud of his family's musical achievements, and around 1735 he drafted a geneaology, "Origin of the musical Bach family",[1] tracing the history of generations of 53 musical Bachs, beginning with Veit (Vitus) Bach (d. 1619) "a white-bread baker in Hungary" who was forced to flee that country because he was a Lutheran and who "found the greatest pleasure in a little Cittern". Veit's son, Johannes (d. 1626), became a piper; Johannes' son, Christoph, (1613–61) was an instrumentalist; Johannes' other son, Ambrosius, was Sebastian Bach's father.

Bach's mother died in 1694, and his father died eight months later. The ten-year-old orphan moved in with his eldest brother, Johann Christoph Bach, the organist at nearby Ohrdruf. There he copied, studied and performed music, and apparently received valuable teaching from his brother, who instructed him on the clavichord. He exposed him to the work of the great South German composers of the day (such as Pachelbel {whom Johann Christoph had studied under} and Johann Jakob Froberger), possibly to the music of North German composers, to Frenchmen (such as Lully, Louis Marchand, Marin Marais), and to the Italian clavierist Girolamo Frescobaldi. The young Bach probably witnessed and assisted in the maintenance of the organ. Bach's obituary indicates that he copied music out of Johann Christoph's scores, but his brother had apparenty forbidden him to do so, possibly because scores were valuable and private commodities at the time.

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Bach as a young man

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