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助動詞
助動詞 (helping verbs or auxiliary verbs) -- 如 will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need -- 與主動詞 (main verbs) 連用來表達時間和語氣的狀態。助動詞與主動詞結合起來就產生所謂的動詞片語或動詞字串 (verb phrases or verb strings)。在下面的句子中,"will have been" 是助動詞,而 "studying"是主動詞;整個動詞字串以加底線來表示:
As of next August, I will have been studying chemistry for ten years.
學生應該記住副詞和縮短字並非動詞的一部份。在 "He has already started." 這個句子中,副詞 already 修飾動詞,但它並非動詞的一部份。"He hasn't started yet." 中的 n't 也是一樣 ( 以縮短的 n't 來表示的副詞 not 並非動詞 has started 的一部份)。
Shall, will 以及 have, do 和 be 的各個型態與主動詞結合來表示時間及語氣的狀態態。做助動詞時,be, have 和 do 會隨著主詞和時間的變化而改變型態。
I shall go now.
He had won the election.
They did write that novel together.
I am going now.
He was winning the election.
They have been writing that novel for a long time.
在美國,除了第一人稱的禮貌問句 (表請示之意) 外,很少使用 shall:
"Shall we go now?"
"Shall I call a doctor for you?"
語氣助動詞
其他助動詞稱為語氣助動詞 (modal auxiliaries or modals),如 can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will 和 would 。它們不會隨不同的主詞而改變型態。在下列不同主詞的句子中,你不妨拿這些語氣助動詞一個一個地來置換 can,看看情況會怎麼樣。
I
you (單數)
he
we
you (複數)
they can write well.
接下來我們將討論四個最常見且在應用上比較容易出問題的語氣助動詞。之後,我們將以列表方式再探討語氣助動詞所表達的能力、可能性、勸告、必要性、請求和許可等不同的意思,並輔以不同時態的例句。
Can 和 Could,May 和 Might
might 和 may 是比較麻煩的語氣助動詞的其中兩個。當用於表示許可或請示的句子時,might 是 may 的假設法過去式。might 比 may 客氣很多,含有比較沒把握,猶豫的意思。
May I leave class early?
If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I leave early?
在表示可能性的句子中,may 和 might 是可以互換的現在式及未來式型態,而 might + have + 過去分詞是過去式:
She might be my advisor next semester.
She may be my advisor next semester.
She might have advised me not to take biology.
語氣助動詞 can 被用來
表示能力 (有能力做某事或知道如何做某事的意思):
He can speak Spanish but he can't write it very well.
表示允許 (被許可或允許做某事的意思):
Can I talk to my friends in the library waiting room? (注意:can 沒有 may 那麼正式;此外,若干寫作者反對在這種句子中使用 can。)
表示理論上的可能性:
American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there's a profit in it.
語氣助動詞 could 被用來
表示過去的能力:
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
表示過去或未來的許可:
Could I bury my cat in your back yard?
表示現在的可能性:
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking.
表示有條件的可能性或能力:
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.
在表示能力時,can 和 could 通常也含有願意的意思:Can you help me with my homework?