kencer資料???

There are only have Cancer

Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). Cancer may affect people at all ages, but risk tends to increase with age. It is one of the principal causes of death in developed countries.

There are many types of cancer. Severity of symptoms depends on the site and character of the malignancy and whether there is metastasis. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of tissue by a pathologist. This tissue is obtained by biopsy or surgery. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for the type of cancer pathology. Drugs that target specific cancers already exist for several types of cancer. If untreated, cancers may eventually cause illness and death, though this is not always the case.

The unregulated growth that characterizes cancer is caused by damage to DNA, resulting in mutations to genes that encode for proteins controlling cell division. Many mutation events may be required to transform a normal cell into a malignant cell. These mutations can be caused by radiation, chemicals or physical agents that cause cancer, which are called carcinogens, or by certain viruses that can insert their DNA into the human genome. Mutations occur spontaneously, and may be passed down from one cell generation to the next as a result of mutations within germ lines. However, some carcinogens also appear to work through non-mutagenic pathways that affect the level of transcription of certain genes without causing genetic mutation.

Many forms of cancer are associated with exposure to environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, radiation, alcohol, and certain viruses. Some risk factors can be avoided or reduced.

維基百科
(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4)
腫瘤（Tumor或Tumour）是一個醫學名詞，指一種細胞的異常病變，而不一定是身體上面的腫塊。這一種病變，使身體部分細胞有不受控制的增生，許多時會集結成為腫塊。腫瘤大致可分為良性及惡性。在惡性腫瘤中，這一些增生的細胞，除了會集結成為腫塊，也會擴散至身體其他部位，經過血液和淋巴系統，流遍全身，從而把腫瘤細胞擴散，在其他部位的正常細胞之中增生。

腫瘤細胞與正常細胞相比，有結構、功能和代謝的異常，它們具有超過正常的增生能力，這種增生和機體不相協調。非腫瘤性增生和腫瘤性增生不同，前者常有明顯的刺激性因素，且增生限於一定的程度和時間，一旦此因素消除，即不再增生，但如超越一定的限度，發生質變，則也可變為腫瘤性增生。

腫瘤的歷史
「腫瘤」一詞，自古有之，在中國殷墟的甲骨文中，已有「瘤」字的出現，而到了距今兩千多年前的春秋時代，在周禮一書中對周代有關腫瘤的事跡就有所記載，據周禮所言，周代已有專治腫瘍的醫生，稱為「瘍醫」。以後中國歷代都有關於腫瘤的記載，當時所採用的病名很多，但都是和腫瘤有密不可分的關係，不但論及內因病邪，還特別強調「邪之所湊，其氣必虛」，即認為體內氣血虧虛，運行失常，以及五臟六腑的蓄毒等體內失調，才導致腫瘤的發生。

http://hk.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/?qid=7006082501956
腫瘤被分為良性腫瘤與惡性腫瘤兩大類。良性腫瘤與惡性腫瘤根本的區別在於細胞的分化成熟(differentiation)程度，即腫瘤細胞是幼稚還是長大成型了。

● 良性腫瘤特點是：一般對機體的影響小，大多不影響臟器的正常功能，除非腫瘤過大或生長在特殊部位(如腦內、心臟)；生長緩慢，引發的臨床症狀較少，主要為局部壓迫或阻塞症狀；易於治療，效果好，不發生轉移，根治切除後不復發。

● 惡性腫瘤的特點是：生長較快，較早期就可以引發臨床症狀；對機體的影響大，常可導致病人呈惡液質；可以發生鄰近及遠處轉移(擴散 metastasis))；治療措施複雜，效果還不夠十分理想；切除後可以復發。

【腫瘤 (neoplasia)】
人類發現腫瘤已有3000年以上歷史。不僅人類患腫瘤，動、植物也有腫瘤。直到19世紀應用顯微鏡後，才建立了目前腫瘤學的框架。20世紀以來，由於自然科學的發展、基礎理論研究與新技術的應用，腫瘤學研究有了長足的進步。儘管惡性腫瘤已成為人類致死的第1或第2位原因，但腫瘤學的進展已使腫瘤患者的1/3有根治希望。

腫瘤是人體中正在發育的或成熟的正常細胞，在某些不良因素的長期作用下，某部的細胞群，出現的過度增生或異常分化而生成的新生物，在局部形成腫塊。但它與正常的組織和細胞不同，不按正常細胞的新陳代謝規律生長，而變得不受約束和控制，導致了細胞呈現異常的形態、功能和代謝，以致可以破壞正常的組織器官的結構並影響其功能。惡性腫瘤細胞還能向周圍浸潤蔓延，甚至擴散轉移到其他器官組織，繼續成倍增生，造成對人體或生命極大的威脅。人體在生長的過程中雖常有腫塊形成，但腫塊不一定都是腫瘤。因此，必須鑒別腫塊的性質，才能做到正確診斷、正確治療。

● 良性腫瘤 (benign tumours)
機體內某些組織的細胞發生異常增殖，呈膨脹性生長，似吹氣球樣逐漸膨大，生長比較緩慢。由於瘤體不斷增大，可擠壓周圍組織，但並不侵入鄰近的正常組織內，瘤體多呈球形、結節狀。周圍常形成包膜，因此與正常組織分界明顯，用手觸摸，推之可移動，手術時容易切除乾淨，摘除不轉移，很少有復發。這種腫瘤對局部的器官、組織只有擠壓和阻塞的作用，一般不破壞器官的結構和功能，也很少發生壞死和出血。手術切除後，經過病理學檢查，可發現其組織分化程度好，腫瘤細胞與正常組織細胞相似，無核分裂或核分裂稀少，無病理核分裂現象。

● 肉瘤 (sarcoma)
來源於間葉組織(包括結締組織和肌肉)的惡性腫瘤稱為“肉瘤”。多發生於皮膚、皮下、骨膜及長骨兩端。如纖維肉瘤生長迅速，腫瘤晚期常有壞死、出血、切面灰紅色、質均勻細如生魚肉狀。骨肉瘤以青年人為多，好發於四肢長骨之兩端，尤以股骨下端、脛骨上端及肱骨上端最多見。骨肉瘤發展迅速，病程短，開始在皮質內生長，可逐漸向骨髓腔發展，有時向外突破骨膜，侵入周圍軟組織，易引起病理性骨折。常見的還有平滑肌瘤、淋巴肉瘤、滑膜肉瘤等。早期即可發生血行轉移。

● 癌 (carcinoma)
醫學上把來源於上皮組織的惡性腫瘤稱為癌。如發生於鱗狀上皮細胞的叫鱗狀上皮細胞癌，簡稱鱗癌。常發生在身體原有鱗狀上皮覆蓋的部位，如皮膚、口腔、唇、子宮頸、陰道、食管、喉、陰莖等處。發生於腺上皮細胞的叫腺癌。多見於胃、腸、乳腺、肝、甲狀腺、唾液腺、支氣管及子宮體等處。人體的這些器官如有惡性腫瘤生長，則分別稱為皮膚癌、胃癌、食管癌、腸癌等。癌多見於40歲以上的中老年人，從轉移途徑看，癌多經淋巴道轉移。

There are no kencer,only have Cancer

Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). Cancer may affect people at all ages, but risk tends to increase with age. It is one of the principal causes of death in developed countries.

There are many types of cancer. Severity of symptoms depends on the site and character of the malignancy and whether there is metastasis. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of tissue by a pathologist. This tissue is obtained by biopsy or surgery. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for the type of cancer pathology. Drugs that target specific cancers already exist for several types of cancer. If untreated, cancers may eventually cause illness and death, though this is not always the case.

The unregulated growth that characterizes cancer is caused by damage to DNA, resulting in mutations to genes that encode for proteins controlling cell division. Many mutation events may be required to transform a normal cell into a malignant cell. These mutations can be caused by radiation, chemicals or physical agents that cause cancer, which are called carcinogens, or by certain viruses that can insert their DNA into the human genome. Mutations occur spontaneously, and may be passed down from one cell generation to the next as a result of mutations within germ lines. However, some carcinogens also appear to work through non-mutagenic pathways that affect the level of transcription of certain genes without causing genetic mutation.

Many forms of cancer are associated with exposure to environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, radiation, alcohol, and certain viruses. Some risk factors can be avoided or reduced.