塔羅牌從那裡來?

塔羅牌最早出現於15世紀的義大利，在西方世界非常流行，不但可用於玩牌戲，還被廣泛用於占卜算命，心理治療。一副完整的塔羅牌是78張。


塔羅牌起源之謎
塔羅牌的歷史悠久，其間還被歐洲教廷視為異教的神秘魔法和魔鬼的預言，在長達幾百年的時間裏遭到禁絕，更讓許多關於塔羅牌的歷史文獻毀於一旦。塔羅牌的起源於何處？它是誰發明的？不少研究塔羅牌的學者對此也是眾說紛紜，莫衷一是。
充滿神秘氣息的塔羅牌是一種古老的占卜工具，它的起源更是個不解之謎。各種神秘傳說，歷史故事，猜想推論，甚至是捕風捉影的主觀臆斷混雜其中，讓試圖解開這個謎題的人們感到剪不斷、理還亂。
在塔羅牌眾多的來源學說中，以下六種學說最為著名，而且還有相應的根據，支持者也比較多，讓我們來看一下：
•義大利學說，依據是塔羅牌與一種撲克遊戲“tarocco”有關；
•吉普賽學說，依據是只有吉普賽人能夠真正領會塔羅牌所表達的意思；
•埃及學說，依據是塔羅牌中有大量的傳說與古埃及文明相關；
•中國學說，依據是唐朝宮廷中曾經流行的一種紙牌遊戲“葉子戲”；
•印度學說，依據是塔羅牌中出現的某些事物與印度神像的法器類似；
•猶太學說，依據是塔羅牌是希伯來文的22個字母的延伸。

Playing cards were first created in Europe in the late 14th century. All evidence indicates that the first tarot decks were created between 1410 and 1430 in either Milan, Ferrara, or Bologna, in northern Italy, when additional trump cards with allegorical illustrations were added to the more common four-suit decks that already existed. These new decks were originally called “carte da trionfi”, or "triumph cards." The first literary evidence of the existence of carte da trionfi is a written statement in the court records in Ferrara, in 1442. The oldest surviving Tarot cards are from 15 fragmented decks painted in the mid 15th century for the Visconti-Sforza family, the rulers of Milan.

In 1781 Antoine Court de Gébelin wrote a speculative history and a detailed system for using tarot for divination. Since the publication of this history, various explanations have been given for the origins of tarot, most of them of doubtful veracity. There is no evidence for any tarot cards prior to the hand-painted ones that were used by Italian nobles, though some esoteric schools place tarot's origin in Ancient Egypt, or Ancient India.

Early tarot decks
The relationship between tarot cards and playing cards is well documented. Playing cards first appeared in Christian Europe some time before 1367, the date of the first documented evidence of their existence, a ban on their use, in Bern, Switzerland. Before this, cards had been used for several decades in Islamic Spain (see playing card history for discussion of its origins). Early European sources describe a deck with typically 52 cards, like a modern deck with no jokers. The 78-card tarot resulted from adding 21 trumps and The Fool — analogous to the modern joker — to an early 56-card variant (14 cards per suit).

For a long time tarot cards remained a privilege for the upper class of society, and, although some sermons inveighing against the evil inherent in cards can be traced to the 14th century, the Roman Catholic Church and most civil governments did not routinely condemn tarot cards during tarot's early history. In fact, in some jurisdictions, tarot cards were specifically exempted from laws otherwise prohibiting the playing of cards.

Tarot majorlly from Ancient Egypt, Ancient India, Italy and French