何謂"奧運精神"? (10分)

　奧運精神是甚麼？







　1892年11月25日現代奧運會之父顧拜旦在巴黎提出創辦現代奧林匹克運動會的動議。他希望從現代奧林匹克運動會能打破種族、民族及國家的界線，以團結、和平、友誼與進步為宗旨。通過公平競賽，促進了解，為一個和諧、美好的世界共同努力。




團結



友誼



進步



和平




　奧運格言
『更快、更高、更強』是奧林匹克運動會的格言。這是顧拜旦的好友狄東在1895年提出。顧拜旦對此說話頗為賞識，他提議將這句說話定為奧林匹克格言，並在1913年獲國際奧委會正式批准。
及後，有人還將顧拜旦的名言：『體育就是和平』、『參加比取勝更重要』加入為奧運格言。




　奧運宣誓儀式
1913年顧拜旦提議在現代奧運會上恢復古代奧運會已有的宣誓儀式。而國際奧委會從1920年第7屆安特衛普奧運會起一直實施這個儀式。
大多數運動會都會仿傚奧運會在比賽前進行宣讀誓言，而我校陸運會當然亦執行這個儀式。宣言內容如下：




『余等謹以至誠，替樂善堂梁植偉紀念中學第xx屆陸運會運動員宣誓，余等必竭盡所能，全力參與，發揮奧林匹克之體育精神，並以大會之判決為最終之決定，此誓。』







　除了運動員外，1968年第19屆墨西哥城奧運會更增加了裁判員的宣誓。目的是他們能在奧運會上，尊重體育精神和遵守奧運會的規則，公正無私執行裁判的職責。




　奧運會會旗和會徽
1913年根據顧拜旦的構思設計製作。長方形，白底無邊，中間有五個相套連的圓環 ，亦稱奧運五環。五環是由藍、黃、黑、綠、紅五色組成。
　　其象徵著五大洲的團結。全世界的運動員以公正，坦率的比賽和友好的精神在奧運會上相見。




藍色＝歐洲
黑色＝非洲
紅色＝美洲（北美及中、南美洲）
黃色＝亞洲
綠色＝大洋洲









　1914年在巴黎舉行奧林匹克代表大會上，為了慶祝恢復奧林匹克運動會 20 週年，首次升起這支的旗幟。1920年在比利時安特衛普舉行的奧委會使用此面旗幟為奧運會會旗。其後，國際奧委會繼續以此旗為奧運會會旗。










　以後，各屆奧運會的閉幕儀式上都有會旗交接儀式。這由國際奧委會主席從剛結束一屆奧運會主辦城市的市長收回旗幟，再轉送給下一屆主辦城市的市長。該旗幟將會保存在下一屆主辦市市政府4年，然後再送交給下屆主辦城市。

Modern Olympism was conceived by Pierre de Coubertin. It seems that Coubertin, himself, never tried to define those terms unequivocally. Nevertheless, from Coubertin’s previous discourses and essays, one can find that Coubertin did make a clear statement about Olympism. In a letter on the 22nd November 1918, he writes:

Olympism is not a system; it is a state of mind. The most diverse educational forms may be penetrated by it, and no one race or epoch can claim an exclusive monopoly of it (De Coubertin, 1918: 55).

Has the modern conception of Olympism changed compared with the Coubertin’s original Olympic ideas? Besides the fact that some issues are no longer stressed, such as the notion of amateur rules and more female athletes in the Olympic Games, we see no dramatic changes in Olympism. The spirit of Olympism has generally and commonly been accepted. While in recent decades there have been numerous interpretations and notions of Olympism, they are still greatly based on Coubertin’s thoughts. In addition, the term ‘Olympism’ has been justified and given deeper meaning.

The first words of the Olympic Charter (1994) state simply the nature and goal of Olympism. Fundamental Principal 2 says:

Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combing in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles (p. 10).

Fundamental Principle 6 says:

The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practiced without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play (p. 11).

The definition of Olympism from the Olympic Charter basically is still deeply rooted in Coubertin’s ideas. Wigmore (1999: 2) identifies the following issues in the above two quotes:
*Tolerance
*Solidarity
*Respect For Others
*Fair play
*Equality
*Non-discrimination
*Taking part
*Friendship
*Character development

For Wigmore, the concept of Olympism will be at a high level of generality. It will find different expressions in time and place, history and geography. That is to say, there will be different conceptions of Olympism, which will interpret the general concept in such a way as to bring it to real life in a particular context.

We can adopt the view of the philosophical anthropology to defend the necessary and permanent status of Olympism for an ideal human being. Jim Parry (1998) thinks that the status Olympism as a social, political, and educational ideology necessarily appeals to a philosophical anthropology which he refers to as—‘an idealized conception of the human being towards which the ideology strives in its attempted social reproduction of the individual (p. 159)’. He suggests that the philosophical anthropology of Olympism promotes the ideals of:
* individual all round harmonious human development;
* towards excellence and achievement;
* through effort in competitive sporting activity;
* under conditions of mutual respect, fairness, justice and equality;
* with a view to creating lasting personal human relationships of friendship;
* international relationships of peace, toleration and understanding;
* and cultural alliances with the arts (Parry, 1998: 160-1). [ send green star]

奧運精神 = 和平與友誼的精神

點解？？

奧運會的起源有一個傳說：公元前9世紀的Elidos爆發內戰，Elidos的國王Iphitos於是詢問女祭司，如何才能使人民免予戰亂。女祭司告訴他必須為眾神舉辦運動會。國王於是決定每四年舉辦一次運動會，交戰的各方同意在運動會期間停止戰鬥，並且把運動會命名為「奧林匹克」，因為希臘的奧林匹斯山是眾神聚集之地。


古人曾經約定奧運會舉行期間，各城邦互不交戰，久而久之，橄欖枝就成了和平的象徵。

許多人以為在奧運會期間所有的戰爭都必須停止，其實不一定，不過參賽的士兵可以被允許脫隊，而且在進入敵軍的陣地時不會被攻擊

1908年奧運時，在聖保羅大教堂舉行奧運會的宗教儀式上，美國賓夕法尼亞州大主教在佈道詞中說，奧運會「重要的是參與，不是勝利」，顧拜旦很欣賞這句話，以後多次引用，使得不少人認為這句話應該成為奧林匹克理想。1913年，為了宣傳奧林匹克精神、鼓勵參賽運動員，由顧拜旦提議，經國際奧委會批准，將「更快、更高、更強」(拉丁文:Citius、Altius、Fortius)作為奧林匹克格言。