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狼(學名 Canis lupis) 或稱為灰狼,哺乳綱,犬科,家犬的祖先。為現生犬科動物中體型最大者。
狼曾經在全世界廣泛分佈,不過目前主要只出現於亞洲、歐洲、北美和中東。
狼屬於生物鏈上層的掠食者,通常群體行動。由於狼會捕食羊等家畜,因此直到20世紀末期前都被人類大量捕殺,一些亞種如日本狼等都已經絕種。
習性
狼是群居性極高的物種。一群狼的數量大約在5到12隻之間,最多可到三十隻左右,通常由一對優勢對偶領導。狼群有領域性,且通常也都是其活動範圍,群內個體數量若增加,領域範圍會縮小。群之間的領域範圍不重疊,會以嚎聲向其他群宣告範圍。通常群體捕殺大型獵物。幼狼成長後,會留在群內照顧弟妹,也可能繼承群內優勢地位,有的則會遷移出去(大都為雄狼)再生殖時會使用窩,通常在地面挖洞而成,可長達三四米,入口有大土堆。
奔跑速度極快,可達五十五公里左右,但持久性較差。
智能頗高,可以氣味、叫聲溝通。
馴化後的狗,腦容量較狼小了百分之三十,雖然在劃定區域地圖的部分退化,但在與其他人類相處的部分則增加。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%BC&variant=zh-hk
The Gray Wolf (Canis lupus; also spelled Grey Wolf, see spelling differences; also known as Timber Wolf or Wolf) is a mammal in the order Carnivora. The Gray Wolf shares a common ancestry with the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), as evidenced by DNA sequencing and genetic drift studies.[2] Gray wolves were once abundant and distributed over much of North America, Eurasia, and the Middle East. Today, for a variety of human-related reasons, including widespread habitat destruction and excessive hunting, wolves inhabit only a very limited portion of their former range. Though listed as a species of least concern for extinction worldwide, for some regions including the Continental United States, the species is listed as endangered or threatened.[3]
The Gray Wolf, being a keystone predator, is an important part of the ecosystems to which it typically belongs. The wide range of habitats where wolves thrive reflects their adaptability as a species, and includes temperate forests, mountains, tundra, taiga, and grasslands. In much of the world, with the exception of Northern regions, they are listed as endangered. They continue to be hunted in many areas of the world for their perceived threat to livestock, as well as for sport.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Wolf
熊,食肉目,是屬於熊科的雜食性大型哺乳類,以肉食為主。從寒帶到熱帶都有分佈。特徵
常見的特徵有短尾、極佳的嗅覺和聽覺、五個無法收縮的爪,以及長、密、粗的毛。剛出生時,它的大小與天竺鼠差不多,至少要與母親生活一年。
熊有強壯的四肢,可以站立,但是它們大部分時間還是用四足爬行。熊的嗅覺十分靈敏,視力以及聽覺比較差。。牠們的牙齒是用來防禦和當作工具。牠們的爪子可以用來撕扯、挖掘和抓取獵物。
許多熊在冬天時被認為會冬眠;事實上,熊會真的冬眠。在秋季,熊吃下許多植物,以便在體內積聚脂肪過冬。牠們的體溫只下降適當的量,而且很容易被吵醒。
雖然熊屬於食肉目,但牠們是雜食性的,食物包括小動物、水果、堅果、蜂蜜等。部份品種甚至以植物為主食,例如大熊貓。
熊的平均壽命是25到40年。
北極熊是最大型的熊,是現存陸地上最大的食肉動物。馬來熊(太陽熊)是最小型的,比人的平均體重還小一點。
文化
熊在一些大眾文化常被賦與人性。
1902年美國總統西奧多·羅斯福(綽號"泰迪")曾經在密西西比拒絕射殺一隻熊,後來這隻熊成為填充玩具泰迪熊的原型。
在股市,熊市代表貶值的期間。
在中國,熊掌被認為是一種高級食材。
一些文化認為熊有治療的能力。熊膽是一種中藥。在中國、越南和韓國,一些人飼養熊,並活生生的抽取牠們的膽汁。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%8A%E7%A7%91&variant=zh-hk
A bear is a large mammal in the family Ursidae of the order Carnivora. The adjective "ursine" is used to describe things of a bear-like nature. The collective noun for a group of them is a sleuth
Etymology
Modern English "bear" derives from Old English "bera", which itself derives from Proto-Germanic "*beron" meaning "the brown one". (Compare Old Norse "björn", Dutch "beer" and German "Bär" all meaning "bear").
Both Greek ("arktos") and Latin ("ursus") have retained the Proto-Indo-European root word for "bear" ("*rtko") but it was ritually replaced in the northern branches of the Indo-European languages (The Germanic, Baltic, Celtic and Slavic branches) because of the hunters' taboo on the names of wild animals. For example the Irish word for "bear" translated means "the good calf", in Welsh it translates as "honey-pig", in Lithuanian it means "the licker" and Russian "медведь" literally means "one who leads to honey".
Habitats
Bears live in a variety of habitats from the tropics to the Arctic and from forests to snowfields. They are mainly omnivorous, although some have a more specialized diet, such as polar bears. They eat lichens, roots, nuts, and berries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear