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A sniper is an infantry soldier who specializes in shooting from concealment and/or longer ranges than regular infantry, often with a specially designed or adapted sniper rifle. It requires skill in marksmanship, camouflage and field craft.

The term sniper is attested from 1824 in the sense of 「sharpshooter.」 The verb to snipe originated in the 1770s among soldiers in British India-in the sense of: 「to shoot from a hidden place,」 in allusion to snipe hunting, a game bird known for being extremely difficult to locate, approach, or shoot. Those who were skilled at the hunting of this bird were thus dubbed 「snipers.」

Snipers in warfare
Image:CSA-2006-11-02-101700.jpg
A sniper from the Jalalabad Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) looks for enemy activity along the hilltops near Dur Baba, Afghanistan, November 2006.Different countries have different military doctrines regarding snipers in military units, settings, and tactics. Generally, a sniper』s goal in warfare is to reduce the enemy』s fighting ability by striking at a small number of high value targets, such as officers.

Soviet Russian and derived military doctrines include squad-level 「snipers,」 which may be called 「sharpshooters」 or 「designated riflemen」 in other doctrines (see below). They do so because this ability was lost to ordinary troops when assault rifles (which are optimized for close-in, rapid-fire combat) were adopted. See the 「Soviet sniper」 article for details.

Military snipers from the U.S., UK, and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are typically deployed in two-man sniper teams consisting of a shooter and spotter. The two have different functions and hence their assignment corresponds to their skills, but a common practice is for the shooter and spotter to take turns in order to avoid eye fatigue.

Typical sniper missions include reconnaissance and surveillance, counter-sniper, killing enemy commanders, selecting targets of opportunity, and even anti-matériel tasks (destruction of military equipment), which tend to require use of rifles in the larger calibers such as the .50 BMG. Snipers have of late been increasingly demonstrated as useful by U.S. and UK forces in the recent Iraq campaign in a fire support role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in urban areas.

The current record for longest range sniper kill is 2,430 meters (7,972 feet), accomplished by a Canadian sniper, Corporal Rob Furlong, of the third battalion Princess Patricia』s Canadian Light Infantry (3 PPCLI), during the invasion of Afghanistan, using a .50 BMG (12.7 mm) McMillan bolt-action rifle. This meant that the round had a flight time of four seconds, and a drop of 78.4 meters (257 feet). The previous record was held by U.S. Marine Carlos Hathcock, achieved during the Vietnam War, at a distance of 2,250 meters. Hathcock was also famous for his 93 confirmed kills during the Vietnam conflict. The most deadly sniper in the world was Simo Häyhä, with 505 confirmed kills within 100 days in the Winter War.

By contrast, much of the U.S./Coalition urban sniping in support of operations in Iraq is at much shorter ranges, although in one notable incident on April 3 2003, corporals Matt and Sam Hughes, a two-man sniper team of the Royal Marines, armed with L96 sniper rifles each killed targets at a range of about 860 m with shots that, due to strong wind, had to be 「fire[d] exactly 17 meters [56 ft] to the left of the target for the bullet to bend in the wind

以小弟所知,最重要一句:

one shoot one kill