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圖片參考:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CIRCLE_1.svg/180px-CIRCLE_1.svg.png
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Circle illustration
In Euclidean geometry, a circle is the set of all points in a plane at a fixed distance, called the radius, from a given point, the centre.
Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into an interior and exterior. The circumference of a circle means the length of the circle, and the interior of the circle is called a disk. An arc is any continuous portion of a circle.
A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci coincide (i.e., are the same point). Circles are conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone.
Properties
圖片參考:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Secant-Secant_Theorem.svg/200px-Secant-Secant_Theorem.svg.png
圖片參考:
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Secant-secant theorem
The circle is the shape with the highest area for a given length of perimeter.
The circle is a highly symmetric shape, every line through the centre forms a line of reflection symmetry and it has rotational symmetry around the centre for every angle. Its symmetry group is the orthogonal group O(2,R). The group of rotations alone is the circle group T.
All circles are similar.
A circle's circumference and radius are proportional,
The area enclosed and the square of its radius are proportional.
The constants of proportionality are 2π and π, respectively.
The circle centred at the origin with radius 1 is called the unit circle.
Chord properties
Chords equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal (length).
Equal (length) chords are equidistant from the centre.
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of a circle; equivalent statements stemming from the uniqueness of the perpendicular bisector:
A perpendicular line from the centre of a circle bisects the chord.
The line segment (Circular segment) through the centre bisecting a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
If a central angle and an inscribed angle of a circle are subtended by the same chord and on the same side of the chord, then the central angle is twice the inscribed angle.
If two angles are inscribed on the same chord and on the same side of the chord, then they are equal.
If two angles are inscribed on the same chord and on opposite sides of the chord, then they are supplemental.
For a cyclic quadrilateral, the exterior angle is equal to the interior opposite angle.
An inscribed angle subtended by a diameter is a right angle.
Tangent properties
The line drawn perpendicular to the end point of a radius is a tangent to the circle.
A line drawn perpendicular to a tangent at the point of contact with a circle passes through the centre of the circle.
Tangents drawn from a point outside the circle are equal in length.
Two tangents can always be drawn from a point outside of the circle.
Theorems
See also: Power of a point
The chord theorem states that if two chords, CD and EF, intersect at G, then
圖片參考:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/a/e/4/ae4c3cfbb3dd083b5e01fa34f2910ac1.png
. (Chord theorem)
If a tangent from an external point D meets the circle at C and a secant from the external point D meets the circle at G and E respectively, then
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/a/b/7/ab7a3e38f23474e12ae033fc5b822eeb.png
. (tangent-secant theorem)
If two secants, DG and DE, also cut the circle at H and F respectively, then
圖片參考:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/b/6/5/b65f2a41f0df59cecfee07634ff32d1b.png
. (Corollary of the tangent-secant theorem)
The angle between a tangent and chord is equal to the subtended angle on the opposite side of the chord. (Tangent chord property)
If the angle subtended by the chord at the centre is 90 degrees then l = √(2) × r, where l is the length of the chord and r is the radius of the circle.
If two secants are inscribed in the circle as shown at right, then the measurement of angle A is equal to one half the difference of the measurements of the enclosed arcs (DE and BC). This is the secant-secant theorem.