抽象派...( $10)

20世紀以來西方興起的美術思潮和流派，它否定描繪具體物象，主張抽象表現。一般所謂抽象主義(Abstractism)，抽象藝術，和抽象派是同義語。它包含兩種類型：以自然現象出發，加以簡約，或抽取其富有表現特徵的因素，形成簡單的、極其概括的形象；不以自然物象為基礎的幾何構成。

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抽象表現主義(Abstract Expressionism)，即抽象藝術、抽象表現派、抽象主義、抽象派，又稱紐約畫派(The New York School)或行動畫派(Action Painting)，一般被了解為一種非直接描繪自然世界的藝術，反而透過形狀和顏色以主觀方式來表達。是二次大戰前的藝術運動，受超現實主義及繼承蘇俄構成主義的影響。20世紀初期，抽象藝術主要是指表達自然世界的藝術，譬如立體主義和未來派藝術。雖然奪取某事它不變的內在質量而不是由仿效它的外在表現。
抽象派被定義為沒有比喻現實參考的藝術。更廣闊的定義是以簡化但又可以保留原始自然的方式來描述真實題材。Joan Miro的抽象畫是這個更寬的定義一個好例子。
原理
不以描繪具象為目標，通過點、線、面、色彩、形體、構圖來傳達各種情緒，激發想像，啟迪人們的思維。
特點
抽象表現派並不能稱做是一種主義或運動，而是指在抽象主義的大前提下，從事創作，每個人走自己獨創的道路，缺乏有形的組織。此畫派的共通性是：畫幅大，追求二次元性，打破立體影像的描繪，進一步表現內在的真實。 他們的畫面都是非具象的，以立體派及超現實主義系統為基本，運用抽象的表現方法，追求內在和心理的表現，以最簡單的手法，表現最深刻的思想。


圖片參考：http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh/1/1d/Kandinsky.jpg



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構成第四號（戰爭）

將自然的外貌簡化為簡單的形象。

捕捉事物最根本或形象，如保羅克利的《東方庭園》。
從自然景色和客體而來的模式，以特別的事物為對象創作形與色的獨立構成，如同音樂或建築般，有自主的美感呈現。代表畫家是畢塞勒；雕刻家則以布朗庫西最能從自然外貌，表現出獨立自主的美感。
以非自然形貌為基礎的藝術構成。

以康丁斯基感性表現為代表的「熱抽象」，《構成第四號（戰爭）》。
以蒙德里安《黃與藍的構成》(1929)幾何構成的理性抽象派，即「冷抽象」
Abstract expressionism was an American post-World War II art movement. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and also the one that put New York City at the center of the art world, a role formerly filled by Paris. The term "Abstract expressionism" was first applied to American art in 1946 by the art critic Robert Coates.
Style


圖片參考：http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/Jane_Frank_Crags_And_Crevices.jpg/180px-Jane_Frank_Crags_And_Crevices.jpg



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An abstract expressionist painting by Jane Frank (1918-1986): "Crags and Crevices", 1961
Technically, an important predecessor is surrealism, with its emphasis on spontaneous, automatic or subconscious creation. Jackson Pollock's dripping paint onto a canvas laid on the floor is a technique that has its roots in the work of Max Ernst. Another important early manifestation of what came to be abstract expressionism is the work of American Northwest artist Mark Tobey, especially his "white writing" canvases, which, though generally not large in scale, anticipate the "all over" look of Pollock's drip paintings.
The movement gets its name because it is seen as combining the emotional intensity and self-expression of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools such as Futurism, the Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism. Additionally, it has an image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, rather nihilistic. In practice, the term is applied to any number of artists working (mostly) in New York who had quite different styles, and even applied to work which is not especially abstract nor expressionist. Pollock's energetic "action paintings", with their "busy" feel, are different both technically and aesthetically, to the violent and grotesque Women series of Willem de Kooning (which are figurative paintings) and to the serenely shimmering blocks of colour in Mark Rothko's work (which is not what would usually be called expressionist and which Rothko denied was abstract), yet all three are classified as abstract expressionists.