About 莎士比亞

William Shakespeare (baptised April 26, 1564 – died April 23, 1616)[1] was an English poet and playwright widely regarded as the greatest writer of the English language, and as the world's preeminent dramatist.[2] He wrote approximately 38 plays and 154 sonnets, as well as a variety of other poems.[3] Already a popular writer in his own lifetime, Shakespeare became increasingly celebrated after his death and his work adulated by numerous prominent cultural figures through the centuries.[4] He is often considered to be England's national poet[5] and is sometimes referred to as the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "The Bard")[6] or the "Swan of Avon".[7]

Orthodox scholars believe Shakespeare produced most of his work between 1586 and 1612, although the exact dates and chronology of the plays attributed to him are under considerable debate, as is the authorship of the works attributed to him. He is counted among the very few playwrights who have excelled in both tragedy and comedy, and his plays combine popular appeal with complex characterisation, poetic grandeur and philosophical depth.

Shakespeare's works have been translated into every major living language,[8] and his plays are continually performed all around the world. In addition, Shakespeare is the most quoted writer in the literature and history of the English-speaking world,[9] and many of his quotations and neologisms have passed into everyday usage in English and other languages. Over the years, many people have speculated about Shakespeare's life, raising questions about his sexuality and religious affiliation.

William Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare

The Chandos portrait, artist and authenticity unconfirmed (National Portrait Gallery, London).
Born: April 1564
Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England
Died: April 23, 1616
Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England
Occupation: Playwright, poet, actor
"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (baptised April 26, 1564 – died April 23, 1616)[1] was an English poet and playwright widely regarded as the greatest writer of the English language, and as the world's preeminent dramatist.[2] He wrote approximately 38 plays and 154 sonnets, as well as a variety of other poems.[3] Already a popular writer in his own lifetime, Shakespeare became increasingly celebrated after his death and his work adulated by numerous prominent cultural figures through the centuries.[4] He is often considered to be England's national poet[5] and is sometimes referred to as the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "The Bard")[6] or the "Swan of Avon".[7]

Orthodox scholars believe Shakespeare produced most of his work between 1586 and 1612, although the exact dates and chronology of the plays attributed to him are under considerable debate, as is the authorship of the works attributed to him. He is counted among the very few playwrights who have excelled in both tragedy and comedy, and his plays combine popular appeal with complex characterisation, poetic grandeur and philosophical depth.

Shakespeare's works have been translated into every major living language,[8] and his plays are continually performed all around the world. In addition, Shakespeare is the most quoted writer in the literature and history of the English-speaking world,[9] and many of his quotations and neologisms have passed into everyday usage in English and other languages. Over the years, many people have speculated about Shakespeare's life, raising questions about his sexuality and religious affiliation


未完..太長..去個網自己睇..

威廉·莎士比亞（William Shakespeare，1564年4月 - 儒略曆1616年4月23日，格里曆1616年5月3日 ，1564年4月26日受洗禮）被許多人認為是英國文學史和戲劇史上最傑出的作家，是一位詩人和劇作家。他不但創作了許多最催人淚下的悲劇，他的很多出喜劇也是在英國舞臺上曾經上演過的所有戲劇中最引人發笑的。此外他還寫過154首十四行詩和幾首長詩歌，這些詩歌不只是單純的敘述，而能觸及人類本性中最深層的部分，因此被很多人認為是英國文學史上的佳作。一般相信，莎士比亞的創作高峰期是在1585年到1610年這段時間內，但是確切的日期我們已經無法知曉。

生平
大多數歷史學家相信，在歷史記錄中所看到的演員和劇作家莎士比亞是同一個人。莎士比亞於1564年4月出生於英格蘭特拉福德鎮(Stratford-Upon-Avon)，父親叫約翰·莎士比亞（John Shakespeare），是個手套商人。根據記錄，莎士比亞是在當年的4月26日受洗禮的，一般認為他的生日是4月23日（他的去世是52年後的同一天）。莎士比亞的父親在他出生時非常富有，但是後來被控捲入黑市羊毛交易，而家道中落，並失去了市議員的位置。有證據表明，莎士比亞的父母親都有同情天主教徒的傾向。

1582年11月28日，莎士比亞與安妮·海瑟薇（Anne Hathaway）結婚，很可能是因為海瑟薇當時已經懷上了莎士比亞的孩子。從此之後莎士比亞的行蹤我們完全無法得知，直到他在1590年代出現在倫敦的劇團中。

1583年5月26日，莎士比亞的第一個女兒蘇珊娜（Susanna）在家鄉特拉福德鎮接受洗禮。他接下來的一個兒子Hamnet和一個女兒Judith(雙胞胎)－也在1585年2月2日受洗禮。

1596年，莎士比亞唯一的兒子Hamnet死亡，於1596年8月11日安葬。很多人相信莎士比亞的名劇《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）就是為了紀念他的兒子的，因為Hamlet與Hamnet的寫法類似。

1597年，莎士比亞把他在特拉福德鎮的「一棟家宅、兩間畜舍、兩個花園、兩個果園和其他所有東西」以60英鎊的價格售出，到倫敦，成了一名著名的演員和作家。他最後還成為一家劇團——張伯倫勛爵劇團（The Lord Chamberlain's Men）的合伙人。與當時所有的劇團一樣劇團是以資助它的貴族的名字命名的。該劇團十分受歡迎，以至於當伊莉莎白一世去世後，詹姆士一世贊助了它，劇團更名為國王劇團（King's Men 該劇團到了今天已經成為象徵著莎劇最高水準的英國皇家莎士比亞劇院）。

現在人們從當時的各種法律文件和商業契約中得知，莎士比亞在倫敦的歲月漸漸變得富有，使得他得以在倫敦的富人區買了一棟房子，還在家鄉特拉福德鎮擁有一座最大的住宅。

1609年莎士比亞發表了他的十四行詩，其中很多是寫給一個神秘的女人（「Dark Lady」）和一個男人（「Fair Lord」）的（因此有人相信莎士比亞可能是一位同性戀者）。他大約在1611年離開了倫敦和劇壇，從此之後就再也沒有發表重要作品（一般認為他的最後一部劇本是《暴風雨》），直到1616年去世。中國著名劇作家湯顯祖也於同一年去世。一個常被提到的巧合是，他與同時代的另一個西班牙大文豪塞萬提斯死在同一天。實際上這是不對的。因為西班牙當時已經採用格里曆，塞萬提斯於格里曆4月23日去世。而英國一直採用儒略曆，儒略曆的4月23日實際上是格里曆的5月3日。所以兩人並非在同一天去世。


身份

威廉·莎士比亞大多數學者同意文豪莎士比亞確實就是那位出生在特拉福德鎮、曾經做過演員的莎士比亞，但是這始終是多年來十分有爭議性的問題。一些人認為弗朗西斯·培根、愛德華·德·維爾（Edward de Vere）等人才是一些或全部莎士比亞作品的真正作者，至少是一起參與了創作。

也有人懷疑莎士比亞是否真的自己創作了所有的作品，有關到底誰是莎士比亞作品真正作者的問題已經成為一門嚴肅的學術研究課題。


作品
莎士比亞目前已發現的全部作品目錄：（莎劇中文譯名從流傳最廣的朱生豪譯本；）


悲劇

羅密歐與朱麗葉(Romeo and Juliet)
馬克白(Macbeth)又譯：麥克白、麥克白斯、麥克佩斯
李爾王(King Lear)
哈姆雷特(Hamlet)又譯：漢姆雷特、漢姆萊特、哈姆雷、王子復仇記
奧賽羅(Othello)又譯：奧瑟羅
泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯(Titus Andronicus)
裘力斯·凱撒(Julius Caesar)
安東尼與克莉奧佩屈拉(Antony and Cleopatra)
科利奧蘭納斯(Coriolanus)
特洛埃圍城記(Troilus and Cressida)
雅典的泰門(Timon of Athens)

喜劇

錯中錯(The Comedy of Errors)又譯：錯中錯喜劇、錯誤的喜劇
終成眷屬(All's Well That Ends Well)又譯：如願
皆大歡喜(As You Like It)
仲夏夜之夢(A Midsummer Night's Dream)
無事生非(Much Ado About Nothing)又譯：捕風捉影
一報還一報(Measure for Measure)又譯：請君入甕、量罪記、將心比心
暴風雨(The Tempest)
馴悍記(Taming of the Shrew)
第十二夜(Twelfth Night or What You Will)
威尼斯商人(The Merchant of Venice)
溫莎的風流娘們(The Merry Wives of Windsor)
愛的徒勞(Love's Labour's Lost)
維洛那二紳士(The Two Gentlemen of Verona)又譯：兩貴親
泰爾親王佩力克爾斯(Pericles Prince of Tyre)
辛白林(Cymbeline)
冬天的故事(The Winter's Tale)
暴風雨(The Tempest)