英國VS德國,1874-1914
2007-03-01 6:18 am
系1874-1914年期間,,德國當時對英國噶看法應該是不喜歡,,輕佻,,因英國當時已經開始衰退..,德國對英國做左D乜野,,,??距地有咩行動?,,教下我啦..THX
回答 (2)
2007-03-02 12:58 am
✔ 最佳答案
德意志帝國（德語：Deutsches Reich）通常指從1871年普魯士統一德國到1918年霍亨索倫王朝最後一任皇帝威廉二世退位為止的德國。有時候，德意志帝國也被稱為德意志第二帝國，因為將神聖羅馬帝國算為第一個帝國。需要注意的是，德意志帝國也是後來魏玛共和国和納粹德國的正式國名。
目录[隐藏]
1 歷史
1.1 建立
1.2 複雜的同盟關係
1.3 後俾斯麥時期
1.4 第一次世界大戰
1.5 和约
2 歷任皇帝
3 政區
3.1 海外屬地
歷史
建立
普鲁士在首相奧托·馮·俾斯麥的領導下，先后在德丹戰爭、普奥戰爭和普法戰爭獲勝，完成统一德意志的大业。1871年1月18日，國王威廉一世 (德國)在巴黎凡爾賽宮鏡廳正式登基為皇帝，德意志帝国建立。
複雜的同盟關係
俾斯麥為了避免日後法蘭西共和國報復，利用列強間複雜的關係孤立法國。1873年與俄羅斯帝國、奧匈帝國締結三帝同盟。1879年與奧匈帝國締結同盟。1882年與奧匈帝國、義大利王國結成三國同盟。1887年與俄羅斯帝國簽訂巴爾幹半島保障條約。與當時的英國也沒有特別的對立。可以說俾斯麥孤立法國的外交政策相當成功。
後俾斯麥時期
威廉二世在1888年即位後，與俾斯麥發生對立。1890年，俾斯麥被解除首相職務。威廉二世親政後開始積極實行帝國主義政策，開始與大不列顛及愛爾蘭聯合王國、俄羅斯帝國、日本帝國、美利堅合眾國產生衝突，歐洲開始形成兩大陣營對峙的情勢，局勢對德國開始轉為不利。最後，第一次世界大戰爆發。
第一次世界大戰
1914年6月28日，奧匈帝國皇太子在塞拉耶佛被暗殺。列強間的利益衝突（德奧的同盟、英德和德法的對立、俄羅斯帝国對巴爾幹的政策等）使得德國捲入了戰爭。德意志帝國選择站在奧匈帝國和奧斯曼帝國的一邊，與大不列顛及愛爾蘭聯合王國、法蘭西共和國、俄羅斯帝國、義大利王國對抗。戰爭蔓延到全歐洲，德意志帝國的海外殖民地也遭到波及。
圖片參考：http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Reichsgruendung2.jpg/180px-Reichsgruendung2.jpg
圖片參考：http://zh.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png
德意志帝国在凡尔赛宣告成立
图中穿白衣者为俾斯麦
在西線，德軍攻下比利時王國後，便在馬恩（巴黎北方）停滯，直到戰爭結束。在東線，雖然佔領大片土地，但沒對俄軍取得決定性勝利。在北海，大不列顛及愛爾蘭聯合王國的海軍封鎖使得德意志帝國開始發生原料和食物短缺。1917年，基于德意志帝国的無差別潛艇戰略，间接令美利堅合眾國參戰，使得戰爭情勢開始轉向。
1917年11月，俄國發生革命。1918年3月3日，俄国与德意志帝国簽訂布列斯特和約，并退出戰爭。芬蘭和烏克蘭取得獨立，德意志帝國得到大片土地。
1918年10月底11初，德意志帝國境內許多城市發生叛變（起義）；這時德意志帝國境內沒有一名士兵，所有軍隊都在法蘭西共和國或俄國，威廉二世和貴族們被迫退位。11月9日，社會民主黨魁菲利普·夏德曼宣佈成立共和國。11月11日，停戰和約簽訂，第一次世界大戰結束。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD
English version is at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire
參考: Wikipedia
2007-03-02 7:19 am
Second German Empire (1871-1918)
Main article: German Empire
Foundation of modern Germany, Versailles, 1871. Bismarck is in white in the middle. Painting by Anton Alexander von Werner, 1877After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich) was proclaimed in Versailles on January 18, 1871. The Hohenzollern dynasty of Prussia ruled the new empire, whose capital was Berlin. The empire was a unification of all the scattered parts of Germany except Austria — Kleindeutschland, or "Lesser Germany". Beginning in 1884, Germany began establishing several colonies outside of Europe.
In the Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany, Emperor William I's foreign policy secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances, isolating France with diplomatic means, and avoiding war. Under William II, however, Germany, like other European powers, took an imperialistic course leading to friction with neighbouring countries. Most alliances in which Germany had been previously involved were not renewed, and new alliances excluded the country. Specifically, France established new relationships by signing the Entente Cordiale with the United Kingdom and securing ties with the Russian Empire. Aside from its contacts with Austria-Hungary, Germany became increasingly isolated.
Imperial Germany (1871-1918)Germany's imperialism reached outside of its own country and joined many other powers in Europe to claim their share of Africa. The Berlin Conference divided Africa between the European powers. Germany owned several pieces of land on Africa including German East Africa, South-West Africa, Togo, and Cameroon. The Scramble for Africa resulted in a start of World War I because of the intense rivalvaries for land.
The assassination of Austria's crown prince on July 28, 1914 triggered World War I. Germany, as part of the unsuccessful Central Powers, suffered defeat against the Allied Powers in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. The German Revolution broke out in November 1918, and Emperor William II and all German ruling princes abdicated. An armistice putting an end to the war was signed on November 11 and Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919. Its negotiation, contrary to traditional post-war diplomacy, excluded the defeated Central Powers. The treaty was perceived in Germany as a humiliating continuation of the war by other means and its harshness is often cited as having facilitated the later rise of Nazism in the country.[9]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GermanY
Main article: German Empire
Foundation of modern Germany, Versailles, 1871. Bismarck is in white in the middle. Painting by Anton Alexander von Werner, 1877After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich) was proclaimed in Versailles on January 18, 1871. The Hohenzollern dynasty of Prussia ruled the new empire, whose capital was Berlin. The empire was a unification of all the scattered parts of Germany except Austria — Kleindeutschland, or "Lesser Germany". Beginning in 1884, Germany began establishing several colonies outside of Europe.
In the Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany, Emperor William I's foreign policy secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances, isolating France with diplomatic means, and avoiding war. Under William II, however, Germany, like other European powers, took an imperialistic course leading to friction with neighbouring countries. Most alliances in which Germany had been previously involved were not renewed, and new alliances excluded the country. Specifically, France established new relationships by signing the Entente Cordiale with the United Kingdom and securing ties with the Russian Empire. Aside from its contacts with Austria-Hungary, Germany became increasingly isolated.
Imperial Germany (1871-1918)Germany's imperialism reached outside of its own country and joined many other powers in Europe to claim their share of Africa. The Berlin Conference divided Africa between the European powers. Germany owned several pieces of land on Africa including German East Africa, South-West Africa, Togo, and Cameroon. The Scramble for Africa resulted in a start of World War I because of the intense rivalvaries for land.
The assassination of Austria's crown prince on July 28, 1914 triggered World War I. Germany, as part of the unsuccessful Central Powers, suffered defeat against the Allied Powers in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. The German Revolution broke out in November 1918, and Emperor William II and all German ruling princes abdicated. An armistice putting an end to the war was signed on November 11 and Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919. Its negotiation, contrary to traditional post-war diplomacy, excluded the defeated Central Powers. The treaty was perceived in Germany as a humiliating continuation of the war by other means and its harshness is often cited as having facilitated the later rise of Nazism in the country.[9]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GermanY
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