What is 三國?

2007-02-14 5:53 pm
What is 三國?

回答 (3)

2007-02-14 5:56 pm
✔ 最佳答案
三國是中國的一個歷史時期。東漢末年,曹操統一中國北方並實際上以丞相的職位掌握東漢政權,取得「魏王」稱號,加九錫。220年,曹操病逝,其子曹丕繼承其位,同年強迫東漢的末代皇帝獻帝劉協將皇位禪讓給他,建立了曹氏政權,國號「魏」,史稱「曹魏」,至此東漢政權正式滅亡,三國時代正式開始。221年,以益州為根據地的劉備自立為皇帝,國號「漢」,史稱「蜀漢」。同年,割據揚州、荊州、交州等地的孫權接受曹魏政權的冊封,開始稱「吳王」。229年,他正式稱帝建國,國號「吳」,史稱「東吳」。已經事實上控制曹魏政權的司馬家族於263年吞併蜀漢後,司馬炎於265年廢魏元帝自立,國號「晉」,史稱「西晉」。西晉於280年攻克江南的孫吳政權,正式統一中國,三國時代就此結束。

古代中國地區中,皇帝稱號只能由一個人使用,但是這時同時出現了三個。西晉時陳壽編撰的史書《三國志》從公元184年黃巾之亂之後的東漢末年的動亂時期開始記述,所以歷史學家多以黃巾之亂的結束為三國時代開始。明代羅貫中根據這個時代的歷史為藍本而撰寫的歷史小說《三國演義》也成為了中國四大名著之一。

歷史

[編輯] 戰亂開始
東漢帝國的衰亡可以歸咎為朝廷內部與地方兩大因素。在朝廷內部,自漢和帝起,皇帝多數年幼即位,並由其母族(即外戚)控制政權,待到皇帝成年後,又往往藉助其身邊親信的宦官協助奪回政權,於是出現了不斷循環,幾乎貫穿整個東漢中後期的戚宦之爭。這令中央政府政令不一,政策前後矛盾,朝臣耽於內斗,毫無建樹,而外戚和宦官兩方勢力又內耗不斷,不斷排除異己,於漢桓帝及漢靈帝時發生兩次黨錮之禍,朝中有能之士不是被殺就是被罷官,朝政無比黑暗。地方上,各地的豪強地主也都藉機瘋狂吞併土地人口,加上天災不斷,導致民不聊生,百姓逐漸對政府失去信心。種種因素,令有些地方的農民餓死者甚多,百姓被逼反抗。

184年2月,太平道首領張角以及其兄弟張梁和張寶率信徒起義,自稱「天公將軍」,以頭裹黃巾為記號,以「蒼天已死,黃天當立;歲在甲子,天下大吉」為號,各地疾苦農民爭相加入,聲勢浩大。東漢政府極之震驚,但由於中央軍隊腐敗,力量不足,漢靈帝只得下詔各地地方政府和豪強地主可以自己招募「義軍」「勤王」,一同進剿。而黃巾軍因為畢竟不是正規軍,加上力量分散,結果起義被迅速鎮壓(詳見黃巾之亂)。但反抗並未完全消除,其餘部散佈在各地,仍然不斷反抗,這令朝廷和各地政府疲於應付,更難討伐。

漢靈帝有鑑及此,決定將部份刺史改為州牧,由宗室或重臣擔任,讓其擁有地方軍、政權,以便加強地方政權的實力,更易控制地方,有效進剿黃巾餘部,不過此舉卻與靈帝意向相反。州牧因在地方擁有過大的權力,變成一州之內的「皇帝」,逐漸尾大不掉,帶頭對抗朝廷,更有甚者,與叛亂份子聯合,如益州牧劉焉就支持五斗米道的張魯進攻漢中,東漢政權對地方的控制力更加薄弱。所以黃巾之亂是東漢滅亡的導火線。


[編輯] 董卓亂政
189年,靈帝駕崩,但朝廷並沒有平靜下來。宦官蹇碩欲先殺漢靈帝兒子劉辯的母舅:外戚大將軍何進,再立靈帝的另外一個兒子劉協為帝,但失敗,劉辯繼承帝位後,何進又派人收押蹇碩並將其誅殺。至此,何進與十常侍鬥爭更趨白熱化,雖然靈帝的皇后,何進之妹何皇后曾勸阻何進誅殺宦官,但是在袁紹等人的建議下,何進想借外力鏟除宦官,便召董卓、丁原帶兵入洛陽,但地方軍隊未到,宦官就已先發制人,發動政變,殺死何進。雖然袁紹隨即率領部曲入宮,殺掉宦官二千餘人,皇帝劉辯和皇弟劉協卻被宦官挾持出宮,然後剛到達的董卓搶先找到皇帝並控制之,開始專權統治。

董卓想廢掉少帝劉辯,擁立其弟陳留王劉協為帝,於是用計壯大自己的勢力,並剷除反對者,如誘使呂布殺死丁原以奪其兵馬, 和逼走袁紹。一切準備好後,便立刻廢少帝為弘農王,而推劉協為獻帝(學者多以此為三國時代的開始)。逃出的袁紹不忿,在190年於勃海起兵,有十一路地方軍加入,推袁紹為盟主,史稱關東軍。董卓畏懼,於是鴆殺劉辯,火燒洛陽,挾持獻帝退往長安,一併強徙洛陽居民。其間,孫堅、曹操曾出兵攻打董卓,但得不到支援而撤退,關東軍也解散。(詳見董卓討伐戰)

遷都長安後,董卓自封為太師,且授與其族人要職,並繼續施行暴政,百姓生活在極權之下,最後在192年,董卓被王允和部下呂布等合謀刺殺,其族人亦被屠滅殆盡。但董卓的屬下李傕等人率兵攻破長安,殺死王允,呂布兵敗逃亡。李傕等繼續董卓的暴政,群雄割據的局面正式開始。


[編輯] 群雄割據
討伐董卓後,各地方軍閥對漢帝已不加理會,轉而發展個人勢力。191年孫堅攻打劉表所據的襄陽時戰死,長子孫策向袁術借兵及任用孫堅的舊部,在196年到199年間在江東四處征戰,最後更脫離袁術,獨領江東,一面與坐擁荊州的劉表發生零星戰鬥,另一方面等待時機北上。194年,益州之主劉焉病死,其子劉璋接任,後與漢中的張魯決裂,兩方對峙;而西北方,馬騰、韓遂等人於涼州、雍州都各自建立了較大規模的半獨立性地方政權;而劉備雖曾兩度擁有過徐州,但先後被呂布及曹操打敗,四處依附,最後藉助袁紹在汝南一帶組織起小型軍隊。

而當中最突出的是袁紹與曹操,袁紹先用計佔據了韓馥的冀州,後再打敗公孫瓚,掌握青、冀、幽、並四州,雄霸河北,氣勢強勁;曹操收編了青州三十萬黃巾軍,開始四處征戰,幾經轉折,控制了兗州,迎接從李傕等人逃出來的獻帝於許,挾天子以令諸侯,更先後破袁術、滅呂布、降張繡、逐劉備,擁有兗、徐二州,及部份司隸、豫州。而正因袁曹雙方勢力漸大,兩軍的衝突也愈激烈。

http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B&variant=zh-tw

2007-02-14 15:35:41 補充:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms
2007-02-14 6:02 pm
三國指魏(曹操)蜀(劉備)和吳(孫權).
2007-02-14 6:09 pm
The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: 三國; Simplified Chinese: 三国; pinyin: Sānguó) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. In a strict academic sense it refers to the period between the foundation of the Wei in 220 and the conquest of the Wu by the Jin Dynasty in 280. However, many Chinese historians and laymen extend the starting point of this period back to the uprising of the Yellow Turbans in 184.

The three kingdoms were the Kingdom of Wei (魏), the Kingdom of Shu (蜀), and the Kingdom of Wu (吳). To distinguish these states from earlier states of the same name, historians prepended a character: Wei is also known as Cao Wei (曹魏), Shu is also known as Shu Han (蜀漢), and Wu is also known as Eastern Wu (東吳). The term "Three Kingdoms" itself is somewhat of a mistranslation, since each state was eventually headed by an Emperor who claimed legitimate succession from the Han Dynasty, not by kings. Nevertheless the term has become standard among sinologists and will be used in this article.

The earlier, "unofficial" part of the period, from 190 to 220, was marked by chaotic infighting between warlords in various parts of China. The middle part of the period, from 220 and 263, was marked by a more militarily stable arrangement between three rival states, Kingdom of Wei (魏), Kingdom of Shu (蜀), and Kingdom of Wu (吳). The later part of this period was marked by the collapse of the tripartite situation: first the destruction of Shu by Wei (263), then the overthrow of Wei by the Jin Dynasty (265), and the destruction of Wu by Jin (280).

Although relatively short, this historical period has been greatly romanticised in the cultures of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. It has been celebrated and popularised in operas, folk stories, novels and in more recent times, films, television serials, and video games. The best known of these is undoubtedly the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a fictional account of the period which draws heavily on history. The authoritative historical record of the era is Chen Shou's Sanguo Zhi, along with Pei Songzhi's later annotations of the text.

The Three Kingdoms period is one of the bloodiest in Chinese history. A population census in late Eastern Han Dynasty reported a population of approximately 56 million, while a population census in early Western Jin dynasty (after Jin re-unified China) reported a population of approximately 16 million. Even taking into account the inaccuracies of these census reports, it is safe to assume that a large percentage of the population was wiped out during the constant wars waged during this period.

Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Yellow Turban Rebellion – Campaign against Dong Zhuo – Jieqiao – Wancheng – Xiapi – Yijing – Guandu – Bowang – Changban – Red Cliffs – Tong Pass – Hefei – Mount Dingjun – Fancheng – Xiaoting – Southern Campaign – Northern Expeditions (Jieting) – Shiting – (Wuzhang Plains)


三國,泛指中平元年黃巾之亂平,至咸寧六年晉滅吳間,中國變亂,民變而割據,再而魏、蜀、吳三分天下,魏滅蜀然後晉代魏,滅吳而一有天下,凡九十六年。

自中平元年起至延康元年,漢靈帝歷黃巾之亂,見地方無力鎮壓,遂納宗室劉焉議,改州刺史為州牧,授軍政大權,以資平亂。董卓用事,天下討之,時有袁紹、曹操、劉備、孫堅等,皆後為諸侯者。

赤壁之戰後,中原為曹操所據,雍涼為馬騰所有,揚州為孫權所據,劉備在荊州,劉璋據益州,張魯在漢中。操吞騰、魯,備收益州,天下遂三分。

建安廿五年操薨,子丕繼起,篡漢,改國號魏。漢中王劉備聞其事,以為漢帝遭禍,自嗣漢統,以存漢祀。孫權奉魏正統,受封吳王。至魏太和三年自立為帝,三國遂立。

魏景元四年,魏滅蜀。魏咸熙二年,司馬炎篡魏,改國號晉。晉咸寧六年滅吳,三國盡歸司馬氏。


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