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Hua Mulan (Traditional Chinese: 花木蘭; Simplified Chinese: 花木兰; pinyin: Huā Mùlán) is the heroine who joined an all-male army described in a famous Chinese poem known as the Ballad of Mulan. The poem was first written in the Musical Records of Old and New from the 6th century, a century mostly ruled by the Tang Dynasty; the original work is no longer extant, and the existent text of this poem comes from another work known as the Music Bureau Collection, an anthology of lyrics, songs, and poems, compiled by Guo Maoqian during the 12th century. The author explicitly mentions the Musical Records of Old and New as his source for the poem. Whether she was a historical person or whether the poem was an allegory has been debated through centuries. It is unknown whether the story has any factual basis. One thing for certain is that her original identity is lost forever.
In the story, Mulan disguised herself as a man to take her elderly father's place in the army. She dressed as a man and disguised herself as a soldier. She was later offered a government post by the emperor himself after her service was up. However, unwilling to commit anymore to the forces, she turned down the position so to return to her family immediately. Her former colleagues visited her at home, they were shocked to see her dressed as a woman. The poem ends with the image of a female hare (Mulan) and a male hare (her comrades) running side by side, and the narrator asking how anyone could tell them apart.
The time setting of the story is uncertain. The earliest accounts of the legend state that she lived during the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534). However another version reports that Mulan was requested as a concubine by Emperor Yang of Sui China (reigned 604–617). Evidence from the extant poem suggests the earlier interpretation. The Emperor ("Son of Heaven") is also referred to as a "Khan" (可汗), which was a title used by rulers descending from the Altaic Xianbei nation in ancient China. The rulers of the Northern Wei were of the Xianbei ethnicity. Alternatively, the reference to the Khan may reflect the date of the poem, rather than the date at which the story is set.
The poem is a ballad, meaning that the lines do not necessarily have equal numbers of syllables. The poem is mostly composed of five-character phrases, with just a few extending to seven or nine.
There are three uses of onomatopoeia in the poem. The sound of Mulan's weaving (or her lamentations) is 唧唧 jǐ-jǐ (i.e. "click-clack"); the Yellow River babbles 濺濺 jiàn-jiàn (i.e. "splish-splash") to her as she departs from it; at the military encampment the horses cry 啾啾 jiū-jiū (i.e. they whinny).
The story was expanded into a novel during the late Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). On June 5, 1998, Disney released an animated movie entitled Mulan loosely based on the story. In 2005-2006, the movie was replicated as a playable world in the video game Kingdom Hearts II.