YELLOW FEVER

Yellow fever
Classifications and external resources


ICD-10
A95.

ICD-9
060

DiseasesDB
14203




?Yellow fever virus


圖片參考：http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/YellowFeverVirus.jpg/240px-YellowFeverVirus.jpg

TEM micrograph showing multiple virions of the yellow fever virus (234,000x magnification).

Virus classification





Group:
Group IV ((+)ssRNA)

Family:
Flaviviridae

Genus:
Flavivirus

Species:
Yellow Fever virus
Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or vomito negro in Spanish, or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease. It is an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in many African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. The yellow in the disease name refers to the jaundice that affects some patients.[1]
Yellow fever has been a source of several devastating epidemics. During the Haitian Revolution in 1802, the French soldiers were attacked by yellow fever. More than half of the army perished due to the disease. Outbreaks followed by thousands of fatalities occurred periodically in other Western Hemisphere locations until research which included human volunteers (some of whom died) led to an understanding of the method of transmission to humans (primarily by mosquitos) and development of a vaccine and other preventative efforts in the early 20th century.
Despite the costly and sacrificial breakthrough research by Cuban physician Carlos Finlay, American physician Walter Reed and many others, over 100 years later, unvaccinated populations in many developing nations in Africa and Central and South America continue to be at risk.[2] As of 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that yellow fever causes 200,000 illnesses and 30,000 deaths every year in unvaccinated populations.[3]





Contents[hide]

1 Cause
2 Pathogenesis
3 Symptoms
4 Prevention
5 Treatment

5.1 Research data
6 Prognosis
7 Epidemiology
8 History

8.1 Europe 541-549
8.2 Havana, Cuba: 1762-3
8.3 Philadelphia: 1793
8.4 Haiti: 1802
8.5 Norfolk, Virginia: 1855
8.6 New York Harbor: 1856
8.7 Memphis, Tennessee: 1878
8.8 California, Panama
8.9 Research and Walter Reed
9 Popular culture references
10 See also
11 References
12 External links

12.1 Historical yellow fever information
12.2 Vaccine development Cause


圖片參考：http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Aedes_aegypti_mosquito2.jpg/150px-Aedes_aegypti_mosquito2.jpg



圖片參考：http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png
The female Aedes aegypti mosquito on a human host, about to obtain a blood meal
Yellow fever is caused by an arbovirus of the family Flaviviridae, and is one of the smallest RNA viruses isolated.[4] Human infection is begun after deposition of viral particles through the skin in infected arthropod saliva. Mosquitos are the primary vector in transmission of the disease from forest monkeys to humans and in person-to-person transmission. The mosquitos involved are Aedes simpsoni, A. africanus, and A. aegypti in Africa, and the Haemagogus and Sabethes genera in South America.[3]

Pathogenesis
Yellow fever infections are frequently severe, but more moderate cases may occur as the result of previous infection by another flavivirus. After infection, the virus first replicates locally, followed by transportation to the rest of the body via the lymphatic system.[5] Following systemic lymphatic infection, the virus proceeds to establish itself throughout organ systems, including the heart, kidneys, adrenal glands, and the parenchyma of the liver; high viral loads are also present in the blood.[4] Necrotic masses (Councilman bodies) appear in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes.[5],[6]
There is a difference between disease outbreaks in rural or forest areas and in towns. Disease outbreaks in towns and non-native people are usually more serious.

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